+ English grammar and correctness II LGEN30 session 7 – ch 25 – 23 - 26 Pia Köhlmyr ©pk15.

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+ English grammar and correctness II LGEN30 session 7 – ch 25 – Pia Köhlmyr ©pk15

+ Ch 25 Coordination – what is it? clausal coordination (compound sentences): and main clausebut main clause or phrasal coordination:brother and sister (NP) in the drawer or on the shelf (PP) energetically and unconvincingly (AdvP) tall and handsome (AdjP)

+ Shortening of coordinated sentences conjunction reductionAlex owned and sold a Bentley. Alex owned a B + Alex sold a B VP ellipsisAlex owns a Porsche, and Sue does, too. VP not repeated = owns a Porsche delayed right constituent coordination Alex owns, and Sue knows a guy who wants to buy, a Porsche. Alex owns a Porsche, and … + comma gappingAlex owns a Porsche, and Fred a Bentley.

+ Coordinators single-word coordinators (and, but, or …) multiword coordinators (either…or; both … and etc.) shortening sentences by reduction, ellipsis, gapping …

+ IMPORTANT to understand: clausal coordination phrasal coordination s – v agreement and the proximity principle “Neither the president nor the members of staff…” “Neither the members of staff nor the president…” rules for shortened coordinated sentences

+ Ch 23 Adverbial subordinate clauses – what are they? subordinate clauses introduced by subordinators She acted as if it was a joke. (How?) She called him (in order) to invite him to the party. (Why?) When visiting Washington, try to stop by the White House. (When?) Although angered by his refusal, she stayed calm and polite. (Concession)

+ Subordinators & word class before. (adverb) He called mebefore lunch (preposition) before he had lunch. (conjunction) S V dO A

+ IMPORTANT to understand: subordinators subclauses: finite or nonfinite connectors: types and meaning distinction adverb, preposition, conjunction

+ Ch 26 Discourse connectors and discourse markers – what are they? written & spoken language link information express various relationships contribute to cohesion first, although, to sum up… common in spoken language colloquial style not integral part of sentences I mean…, well…, you know … discourse connectors discourse markers

+ Discourse connectors:

+ Discourse markers, e.g.: Position: sentence initial or medial indicate pauseWell, let me think here… signal new phaseRight … now we can sum up the report. repairIt’s to my advantage, I mean, our advantage. wrap upOkay, so let’s move on to the next subject. express disagreement You’re always hungry. Well, I’m not now. Position: sentence final as tagsThat really bugs me, you know. You can do this, right?

+ IMPORTANT to understand: cohesive relationships dependent vs independent clauses position of discourse connectors/markers function of discourse connectors/markers

+ Preparation for next class All study groups read ch Make sure you understand the grammar areas covered. Work with exercises in the book. Discuss text and solutions in your group. One assigned study group is in charge of preparing study questions and a key for each chapter. These will be used in discussions next time in class. Each group member chairs the discussion on ‘their’ chapter briefly. choosing one grammar area from Problems that ESL/EFL students have with … & Suggestions for teaching … to present in class next time 5-8 min per group ©pk15