The Persian Gulf Wars

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Warm-Up Question CPS Question (1)

Objectives Know the historical situation of Iraq under the rule of Saddam HusseinKnow the historical situation of Iraq under the rule of Saddam Hussein Know the historical events associated with the 1991 Persian Gulf WarKnow the historical events associated with the 1991 Persian Gulf War Know the events surrounding the 2003 US invasion of IraqKnow the events surrounding the 2003 US invasion of Iraq Know the US attempts to stabilize Iraq since the 2003 invasionKnow the US attempts to stabilize Iraq since the 2003 invasion

Chapter 1, Lesson 3Overview  The historical situation of Iraq under the rule of Saddam Hussein  The historical events associated with the 1991 Persian Gulf War  Events surrounding the 2003 US invasion of Iraq  US attempts to stabilize Iraq since the 2003 invasion

Middle East in Transition  Why did Iraq invade Kuwait?  Why did the U.S. and the international community respond so quickly and intensely?  How was the alliance held together?  Should anything have been done differently?

Middle East in Transition  Why do we fight?  How do we fight?  Who will we fight against?  Who will we fight on their side or with them on our side?

Middle East in Transition  Why do we fight? War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will. Clausewitz, “On War”

Middle East in Transition  How do we fight?  Diplomatically/Politically  Economically  Militarily  Overwhelming force at the point of attack  Deception War is politics by other means. Clausewitz, “On War”

Middle East in Transition  Who will we fight against?  Threats to our national security interests  National Security Strategy  When attacked  When our allies are attacked

Middle East in Transition  Who will we fight on their side or with them on our side?  Countries that share our beliefs  Countries wrongfully attacked  No one if we have to

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Quick Write If you had been secretary of state when Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, what Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait, what course of action would you have course of action would you have recommended to the president? recommended to the president? Explain your recommendation.

Middle East in Transition  August 1990 Iraq invades and takes over Kuwait  The UN authorizes economic sanctions and later military action  Within days U.S. began deploying military forces to Saudi Arabia – eventually 430,000  In addition, 245,000 troops from 29 other countries arrive  16 January 1991 the U.S.-led alliance begins air strikes on Iraqi forces in Kuwait and Iraq  23 February 1991 the alliance launches a ground assault that quickly drives Iraqi forces out of Kuwait – ground war lasted 100 hours

Middle East in Transition Background to the 1991 Iraqi Invasion  Kuwait  In the 1700s Kuwait was under the control of the Ottoman-Turk Empire  In 1756 one of the influential families in Kuwait, the al-Sabah family, negotiated autonomy (not complete independence) from the Ottomans  In 1899 fearing the Ottomans would curtail the autonomy agreement, the al-Sabah family signed a treaty with Great Britain allowing Britain to control Kuwait’s foreign and defense affairs  1961 Kuwait gains independence from Britain with the al-Sabah family continuing to rule  They distributed a sizeable percentage o the country’s oil-produced wealth to “Kuwaiti Citizens”; however, only 28% of the 2.1 million people in the country were considered Kuwaitis  The rest of the population was 18% Palestinians, 21% Arab, 9% South Asian, 4% Iranian and 20% other

Ottoman Turk Empire

Middle East in Transition Background to the 1991 Iraqi Invasion  Iraq  Before World War I Iraq was part of the Ottoman empire  After World War I Great Britain assumed control of Iraq  1932 Iraq became independent and established a (V1) constitutional monarchy following the British example that lasted 26 years – a government with a king or queen whose powers are limited by a constitution and laws

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Question CPS Question (2 & 3)

Middle East in Transition  Iraq  1958 monarchy overthrown by military (V2) coup d’etat – sudden takeover of a government, often by force and often by insiders or people already close to the center of power, such as the military  Over the next ten years there were a series of coups and countercoups led by the military and Baath Party members – known as the Baath Revolution  1968 General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr and his subordinate, Saddam Hussein take control  Al-Bakr was a figurehead, Hussein was in charge  1979 al-Bakr resigns, Hussein is officially in charge of government, the military, and the Baath Party  Hussein consolidates power by executing his challengers within the party

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Question CPS Question (4 & 5)

Middle East in Transition  Iraq  The Baath Party – grew from a founding congress after World War II, 1947 – predominately Sunni even though the majority of Iraqis are Shia  (CP1) Baath Party Goals  Socialize the economy  Achieve pan-Arab Unity  (V3) Pan-Arabism – a movement for greater cooperation among Arab states

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Question CPS Question (6)

Middle East in Transition  Iraq  During the 1970s the Baath Party nationalized the country’s oil industry  Price of oil went up and so did the Iraqi standard of living – if you were an Arab  (CP2) Baath Party implemented a policy of “Arabization” of its oil centers – Kurds, Turkmens, and Christians were expelled and Arabs moved in

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Question CPS Question (7)

Middle East in Transition  Iraq  1980 Hussein initiates a war with Iran – it lasts for 8 years  Tied to a large number of religious, ethnic, historical, boundary, oil, and other issues  Combined they suffered over a million casualties  Use of Chemical Weapons and Lasers  U.S. provided intelligence support to Iraq  War ends in stalemate and both countries were devastated – Iraq had incurred an immense economic debt from borrowing billions from Kuwait and other Arab countries

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Question CPS Question (8)

Middle East in Transition

 Iraq  Even though Iraq claimed victory in the war, the outcome was actually more of a return to the (V4) status quo antebellum – the state of things before the war  It did leave Iraq with the largest military establishment in the region – fourth largest army in the world

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Question CPS Question (9)

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 The Historical Situation of Iraq Under the Rule of Saddam Hussein, cont.  During the Iran-Iraq War, Kurdish separatists in Iraq sided with Iran  As a result, the Hussein regime went after the Kurds with a vengeance in the Anfal campaign  Iraqis use poison gas – WMD – killing as many as 180,000 including women and children  The commander, Ali Hassan al-Majid (Chemical Ali) will be hanged later

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Question CPS Question (10)

Middle East in Transition  Iraq  After the Iraq-Iran war ends in 1988 Hussein viewed himself as the rightful leader of the Arab peoples in the Persian Gulf region – declared himself the man who could return international prestige and power to the Arab people  He compared himself to Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar who conquered Jerusalem in 587 B.C. and to Saladin who drove the Christian crusaders out of Jerusalem in the late twelfth century

Middle East in Transition Background to the 1991 Iraqi Invasion  Iraq  In July 1990 Hussein orders Iraqi forces to mass at the Iraqi-Kuwaiti border – intended to intimidate Kuwait into giving in on (CP3) disagreements between the two countries  Iraq’s war debt to Kuwait  Kuwaiti oil production – slant drilling  Oil price manipulation  Boundary issues – Iraq wanted the oil Fields  Kuwait doesn’t give in and on August 2 nd Iraqi forces roll into Kuwait

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Question CPS Question (11)

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Historical Events Associated With the 1991 Persian Gulf War  World leaders condemned the move at once  US President George H. W. Bush lined up an international coalition  UN Security Council passed resolutions (15-0) calling for the “immediate and unconditional” pullout of Iraqi forces form Kuwait  UN Resolution 678 authorizes use of “all necessary means” to enforce earlier resolution Robert Harbison / © 1991 The Christian Science Monitor

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Question CPS Question (12 & 13)

Middle East in Transition The Iraqi Occupation & Last-Ditch Diplomacy  Within days of the invasion of Kuwait, Iraq’s legislature voted to annex Kuwait as Iraq’s 19 th province  Foreign embassies were ordered out of Kuwait to Baghdad – those that stayed had electricity and water cut off  Iraq began building bunkers, barricades, and other permanent military facilities  Iraqi troops placed explosive charges on Kuwaiti oil wells

Middle East in Transition The Iraqi Occupation & Last-Ditch Diplomacy  Iraq cancelled its debts to Kuwait and began taking Kuwaiti property to Iraq  Massive human rights violations – torture, rape, murder  As the deadline drew near foreigners were prevented from leaving Iraq and some were placed near military & industrial targets to prevent air attack – the world was outraged

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Historical Events Associated With the 1991 Persian Gulf War, cont.  On 17 January 1991 the coalition began bombing the Iraqis – 34 countries  Arab engagement was crucial in maintaining the coalition  On 24 February, the ground war began  The coalition routed Iraqi forces in the “100-hour war”  President Bush declared Kuwait liberated Peter Main / © 1991 The Christian Science Monitor

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Historical Events Associated With the 1991 Persian Gulf War, cont.  Argentina, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Egypt, France, Greece, Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Niger, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Portugal, Qatar, South Korea, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Spain, Syria, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States  Countries shown in red are Arab/Islamic – crucial to the coalition Peter Main / © 1991 The Christian Science Monitor

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Question CPS Question (14)

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 The Gulf War Invasion

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Historical Events Associated “Highway of Death”

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Events Preceding the 2003 US Invasion of Iraq  Following the Gulf War the US and allies were very worried about Hussein’s possible continuing development of WMDs  Weapons of Mass Destruction  NBC – Nuclear, Biological, Chemical  Hussein obstructed UN weapons inspections Peter Main / © 1991 The Christian Science Monitor

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Question CPS Question (15 & 16)

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Events Following the War  (CP4) Mar 91 - Shiite rebellion in the South – close ties with Iran  Hussein used his helicopters to kill many thousands  Drained wetlands of the Marsh Arabs  Kurdish rebellion in the North – goal to over- throw and replace Saddam Hussein

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Events Preceding the 2003 US Invasion of Iraq  Following the 9/11 attacks the US began a “War on Terrorism” and began gathering evidence against Iraq/Saddam Hussein supporting military actions to overthrow Hussein and change the government of Iraq

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Events Preceding the 2003 US Invasion of Iraq  October 2002: Congress passed the Iraq War Resolution - The resolution authorized President Bush to use the Armed Forces of the United States "as he determines to be necessary and appropriate" in order to "defend the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq; and enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions regarding Iraq.“ United Nations Security CouncilUnited Nations Security Council

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Events Preceding the 2003 US Invasion of Iraq  At a press conference on January 31, 2003, Bush again reiterated that the single trigger for the invasion would be Iraq’s failure to disarm, “Saddam Hussein must understand that if he does not disarm, for the sake of peace, we, along with others, will go disarm Saddam Hussein.”

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 US Invasion of Iraq  March 2003: US armed forces and coalition forces begin their assault – 40 countries in the “Coalition of the Willing”

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 US Invasion of Iraq  Initial assault last 3 weeks  Only the US, Great Britain, Australia and Poland provided combat troops

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 US Attempts to Stabilize Iraq Since 2003 Invasion  Major combat was over, but the insurgency was just beginning  Car, roadside, and suicide bombings  “Al-Qaeda in Iraq”— mostly Sunni Iraqis who felt they were losing the privileged position held under Hussein Andy Nelson / © 2003 The Christian Science Monitor

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Sectarian Violence Increases  In 2006 and 2007 the Golden Mosque in Samarra was attacked and heavily damaged  Holiest Shia Mosque in Iraq  Thought to be done by Sunnis thru Al Queda  Triggered unprecedented violence

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Learning Check CPS Question (17)

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 US Attempts to Stabilize Iraq Since 2003 Invasion, cont.  In early 2007 the United States implemented a new approach in Iraq: troop “surge” – send an additional 30,000 troops to Iraq  By September 2007 the surge was working  On 31 January 2009 Iraqis went to the polls for provincial elections

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 US Attempts to Stabilize Iraq Since 2003 Invasion, cont.  In late February 2009, newly elected U.S. President Barack Obama announced an 18- month withdrawal window  August 31, 2010 Pres. Obama declared "the American combat mission in Iraq has ended  On October 21, 2011, Pres. Obama announced that all U.S. troops and trainers would leave Iraq by the end of the year

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 US Attempts to Stabilize Iraq Since 2003 Invasion, cont.  December 15, 2011, U.S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta officially declared the Iraq War over, at a flag lowering ceremony in Baghdad  December 15, 2011, U.S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta officially declared the Iraq War over, at a flag lowering ceremony in Baghdad  The last U.S. troops left Iraqi territory on December 18, 2011

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Review  By 1979 Saddam Hussein had become the undisputed leader of Iraq  On 2 August 1990 Iraq invaded Kuwait  1991 Persian Gulf War: the coalition routed Iraqi forces in the “100-hour war”  Hussein’s possible development of WMD worried the United States and its allies

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Review, cont.  March 2003: US armed forces and coalition forces began their assault  Major combat was over, but the insurgency was just beginning  In 2007, the United States implemented a troop “surge” and it worked

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Summary  The historical situation of Iraq under the rule of Saddam Hussein  The historical events associated with the 1991 Persian Gulf War  Events surrounding the 2003 US invasion of Iraq  US attempts to stabilize Iraq since the 2003 invasion

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Next….  Done—The Persian Gulf Wars  Next—Islamic Fundamentalism and Terrorism Andy Nelson / © 2001 The Christian Science Monitor

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Activity 1: The Persian Gulf Wars Review Find and circle the vocabulary words in the word find puzzle

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Activity 2: Events Leading to the 2003 US Invasion of Iraq What main events led to the invasion of Iraq by US and coalition forces in 2003?

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Activity 3: Evaluating a Course of Action The US administration under President George H.W. Bush chose not to overthrow Saddam Hussein after the liberation of Kuwait. 1.What were the reasons for not doing so? 2.With the benefit of hindsight, do you think this was the right decision?

Chapter 1, Lesson 3 Technology Enrichment Iraq Quick Facts 1.What is another name for “marsh Arabs” in Iraq? 2.Approximately what percentage of the marshes in Iraq did Saddam Hussein drain? 3.How many provinces does Iraq have? 4.Name at least 3 provinces of Iraq. 5.On what date did Talabani become president of Iraq? Bonus Question: Name one of the two leading clerics who were prominent during the Iraq War