Access and Equity at the Interpersonal Level

 Individual  Interpersonal  Institutional  Structural  Cultural

 Used to investigate the relationships that affect an individual’s participation and access to sport  Relationships play a significant role in determining the sporting opportunities a person will seek and receive (Hede, Russell & Weatherby, 2010)

Socialisation  the ongoing process by which individuals learn and are taught to conform to existing norms and values (Amezdroz, et. al., 2010)

Socialising agent  a catalyst for compliance with social norms and values  Includes immediate family members, peers, close friends, teachers, coaches, and the media (Amezdroz, et. al., 2010)

 Family is the earliest and most significant influence on an individual’s attitude towards sport  Can be either a positive or negative influence  What values and opinions do your parents have about sport? How has this affected your sports participation?  What are your parents’ opinions regarding your participation in Year 10HPE?

 Sibling influence is also significant in determining sporting choices  Can be a positive or negative influence  Did a sibling influence your early sports choices? Explain.

 Research suggests by age 10, parental influence declines and peer attitudes, values and beliefs become more important (Amezdroz, et. al., 2010)  How could you use the power of peer pressure to increase participation in Volleyball in PE?

 Teachers interact daily with students to establish relationships and provide various opportunities  Coaches guide athletes in their chosen sport and assist them to develop to their full potential  Influences can be positive or negative

 Sport, through the media, carries messages about gender, race, class, nationality and violence  The media has developed an increasing involvement and control over sport and sporting organisations  Examples ◦ Kick-off/start time ◦ Uniforms  How has the mass media influenced your participation?

Think about your own involvement in sport and physical activity.  What influences the types of activities you participate in and the level of your participation?  How significant is each factor? Explain.  How might your involvement in sport and physical activity change throughout your lifetime? Explain

Sex Gender  Refers to physiological, anatomical, hormonal and genetic make-up of males and females  Non-biological differences between males and females – clothing, interests, attitudes, behaviours Sex Gender

 Way in which males and females are expected to behave are determined by cultural values, attitudes and beliefs  Society expects males to behave quite differently to females which have arisen from stereotyping  What is a stereotypical male?  What is a stereotypical female?

Hegemony Hegemonic masculinity  the leadership or dominance of one group over other groups  Structures and relationships in society that appear to be based on male dominance and female oppression (Amezdroz, et. al., 2010)

 Sport and physical activity have long been regarded as a masculine domain  Organised team sports are often considered sites for the construction of masculinity ◦ Change rooms ◦ Playing fields ◦ Bars and nightclubs post-game

 Early developers ◦ Man-like appearance develop positive self- esteem and strong body image distinct advantage  Late developers/small stature/frail/obese ◦ Avoid opportunities to participate in sport results in low self-esteem and poor body image frequently labelled ‘sissies’  Females ◦ Praised for skilled performance

 Females ◦ Praised for skilled performance dominant gender identity is altered labelled ‘tomboy’ for excelling labelled ‘lesbian’ as they don’t fit the stereotype of femininity

 Stereotypes of gender and gender roles are major determinants of opportunities to participate in various sports and physical activities  What sports do you perceive to be masculine, feminine or gender-neutral sports?

 Amezdroz, G., Dickens, S., Hosford, G., Stewart, T., and Davis D. (2010). Queensland Senior Physical Education (3 rd ed.). Macmillan: South Yarra.  Amezdroz, G., Dickens, S., Hosford, G., and Davis D. (2004). Queensland Senior Physical Education (2 nd ed.). Macmillan: South Yarra.  Coakley, J. (2009). Sports in society: issues and controversies in Australia and New Zealand. McGraw Hill: Sydney.  Hede, C., Russell, K., & Weatherby, R. (2011). PE: Senior Physical Education for Queensland. Oxford University Press: South Melbourne.