-1- WHAT IS PSYCHO- SOCIOLOGY ? 1)Psychology studies the individual just as he is Psychology is divided in several fields : Psychophysiology Children psychology Animal psychology Social psychology

) Sociology studies the groups as entities. 2 ) Sociology studies the groups as entities. 3 ) Psycho-sociology studies the way the individual behaviour is influenced by the group(s) the person belongs to. 3 ) Psycho-sociology studies the way the individual behaviour is influenced by the group(s) the person belongs to.

- 3 - Ex. of hooligans Psycho. will study the personality of the hooligans (Ref. to the family ?) Psycho. will study the personality of the hooligans (Ref. to the family ?) Sociology will study the behaviour of the group itself ( leader, ways of recruiting members, progression as time goes by...) Sociology will study the behaviour of the group itself ( leader, ways of recruiting members, progression as time goes by...) Psycho-socio. will study the hooligan’s behaviour as induced by the group he belongs to (age group, ethnic group, role and place in the group, young people living in the same block of flats...) Psycho-socio. will study the hooligan’s behaviour as induced by the group he belongs to (age group, ethnic group, role and place in the group, young people living in the same block of flats...)

- 4 -PSYCHO-SOCIOLOGY GIVES ANOTHER DIMENSION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE HUMAN BEING - 4 -PSYCHO-SOCIOLOGY GIVES ANOTHER DIMENSION TO THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE HUMAN BEING It rebuilds the world around him instead of watching a solitary individual It rebuilds the world around him instead of watching a solitary individual Normal, as human beings live always in a social context which influences Normal, as human beings live always in a social context which influences Their choices Their choices Their behaviours, Their behaviours, Their feelings, reactions, habits, thoughts... Their feelings, reactions, habits, thoughts...

- 5 -Four examples to study what SOCIOLOGY can bring to PSYCHOLOGY Affectivity Affectivity Perception Perception Memory Memory Intelligence Intelligence

- 6 - A ) AFFECTIVITY Example of Tears. Example of Tears. Each of us tends to believe that everyone expresses his feelings in the same way than WE do. Each of us tends to believe that everyone expresses his feelings in the same way than WE do. AND THAT IS WRONG !!! AND THAT IS WRONG !!! We think that we are able to understand any other human being. We are all “psychologists” We think that we are able to understand any other human being. We are all “psychologists” AND THAT IS WRONG !!! AND THAT IS WRONG !!! Two other psychological phenomena can explain as well this sensation of familiarity when facing an emotional expression : Two other psychological phenomena can explain as well this sensation of familiarity when facing an emotional expression :

- 7 - IDENTIFICATION AND PROJECTION Identification Identification To other human beings To other human beings To animals To animals So, logically, if I’m identified with you, I can think that what worries ME worries YOU what makes ME cry makes YOU cry... what makes ME cry makes YOU cry... This phenomenon is called PROJECTION

- 8 - Projection Projection It’s the fact that I imagine that you have in some way the same personality than me

- 9 -Recognitions of expressions on the face (ignoring the situation) At the cinema : 33 % are correct (more than just by chance) At the cinema : 33 % are correct (more than just by chance) When the cinema was “dumb” : When the cinema was “dumb” : Horror : 99 % Horror : 99 % Despair : 97 % Despair : 97 % Worry : 89 % Worry : 89 %

With ordinary people (not actors): With ordinary people (not actors): 1st situation : to behead a dead rat with a blunt knife (not sharpened) : 47 % of JOY ! 1st situation : to behead a dead rat with a blunt knife (not sharpened) : 47 % of JOY ! 2nd situation : the person must plunge her hand in a big jar containing an alive toad : 38 % of MATERNAL FEELING ! 2nd situation : the person must plunge her hand in a big jar containing an alive toad : 38 % of MATERNAL FEELING !

- 11 -What does that mean and teach us ? The knowledge and understanding of a situation is essential to give the right interpretation of an emotion on somebody’s face The knowledge and understanding of a situation is essential to give the right interpretation of an emotion on somebody’s face Why ? Because you can IDENTIFY yourself to this person in the same situation Why ? Because you can IDENTIFY yourself to this person in the same situation Affectivity contains a social interpretation Affectivity contains a social interpretation

- 12 -The society in which we live tends to institutionalize our values, and tends to adjust our behaviour to prevent anarchy. If the situation reaches an emotional peek, we are confused, disturbed, not any more cool-blooded. We can’t have a reasonable analysis and reasonable reaction. To react almost automatically, our affectivity must be regulated (by the law, the customs, the social habits...)

B ) PERCEPTION A game-keeper A game-keeper A town developer (estate agent) A town developer (estate agent) A botanist A botanist A couple of lovers A couple of lovers

Our personality, our profession, our passion for one specific field or topic, the society in which we are living, our culture, our education, our religion, our friends Our personality, our profession, our passion for one specific field or topic, the society in which we are living, our culture, our education, our religion, our friends... may influence our way of seeing the world... may influence our way of seeing the world

C ) MEMORY Our brain uses many different clues to weave the memory : which person were present, in which place did it occurred, in which material or psychological circumstances...? Our brain uses many different clues to weave the memory : which person were present, in which place did it occurred, in which material or psychological circumstances...? We always remember much better and longer what is meaningful for us, interesting for us We always remember much better and longer what is meaningful for us, interesting for us We can remember thanks to personal, family or collective bench-marks We can remember thanks to personal, family or collective bench-marks

D ) INTELLIGENCE Computers Computers Cities and rural areas Cities and rural areas Child and adult Child and adult Worker and Nobel Prize of Literature Worker and Nobel Prize of Literature

CONCLUSIONS The whole psychology of a person is conditioned The whole psychology of a person is conditioned By her story By her story By her surrounding By her surrounding By the circumstances By the circumstances By the social environment By the social environment

We can’t skip the social nor the cultural factors in the study of the psychology of an individual. We can’t skip the social nor the cultural factors in the study of the psychology of an individual. Consequently, psychology is enriched by the contributions of sociology. Consequently, psychology is enriched by the contributions of sociology.