Chapter 12 The Industrial Revolution Bring on the Machines

Beginnings The origins of the Industrial Revolution date back to the mid- 1700s in England. The English converted land once used for agriculture to be used for manufacturing. Machines were now being used to do labor once done by people. Mechanized factories could manufacture more quickly and efficiently than people could. Section 1

Textiles The first factories in England produced textiles (fabrics). Samuel Slater, an Englishmen, had worked in textile mills in England. He memorized how the machines in the factory worked. He came to America bringing the designs with him.

Made In America Slater told an American (Moses Brown) about the designs. Brown then applied them to his own factory in New England. The Brown Family and Slater opened up a mechanized textile mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island in When Slater died in 1835 he owned 13 textile mills in New England.

Guns, guns, and more guns In the late 1700s, it appeared the U.S. might go to war with France. The U.S. Army needed guns. Guns were made by hand at that time (every part). In 1798, inventor Eli Whitney created a way to manufacture guns using interchangeable parts.

10,000 Muskets Whitney promised the government he would build them 10,000 muskets in 2 years. The government gave Whitney the contract and the money to build his weapons factory. In 1801, Whitney demonstrated his interchangeable parts process to them president John Adams. Whitney was able to prove to the president that the guns could be mass produced.

Slow Growth Despite Whitney and Slater’s proof of the value of mechanization, America took to it slowly. The War of 1812 with England finally showed the nation the importance of the concept. Cut off from manufactured goods England and Europe because of the war, Americans realized that they need to produce those goods here.

Elements of Mass Production Interchangeable Parts Division of Labor Assembly Line Mass Production

Changes in Working Life In the early days of American manufacturing, it was hard to find workers. Men were needed to work on farms or had jobs as craftsmen or merchants. Often men hired in factories found the work too boring and left. Early factory owners began to look toward women and children as a source of labor. Section 2

Wanted - Families One solution to the problem was to hire families (The Rhode Island System). Mothers and their children worked in a factory together. The families often need the additional money. Slater could pay them less than what he would have to pay an adult male.

Slatersville Slatersville was a company town. A company town was built by the company to house its employees. The town had a store to supply the workers needs. The company town was created to keep as steady supply of cheap labor close to the factory (mill).

The Lowell System Similar to the Rhode Island System was the Lowell System. Francis Lowell hired unmarried women from nearby farms to work in his factory. The girls earned $2 to $4 a week. (They had to pay $1.25 to live there and for meals). This was a decent wage for women of that time. (Girls from all over New England flocked to Lowell’s factories for jobs.)

Problems Factory workers faced a variety of problems: Long hours hours a day (5 to 7 days a week) Health problems Injury/death Low wages (competition for jobs - immigration) Fast paced job Boring repetitive job

Workers Unite To solve the problems they faced, workers began to use the “strength-in-numbers” concept to deal with factory owners. One method used by unions was the concept of “strike” to halt production. Early strikes were often not successful due to the lack of support of workers by the courts and police. It would take unions many years to gain acceptance and to win concessions from employers

Sarah Bagley Founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in She fought for a 10 hour work day and for better working conditions for workers. In 1845, she was elected vice president of the New England Men’s Working Association. She was the 1 st female to hold a high- ranking position in a labor organization.

The Transportation Revolution Increasing the speed and convenience of transportation. Brought on by need: Manifest Destiny and Industrialization. Allowed for by new sources of power: steam Made possible by inventors: Fulton, Cooper Section 3

Steamboats and Railroads Robert Fulton – 1 st successful steamboat – The Clermont – 1807 Peter Cooper – The Tom Thumb – 1830 (*steam engines had been in use previously in England)

How a Steam Engine Works e_up_close/403/deploy/interface.html e_up_close/403/deploy/interface.html

Gibbons Vs. Ogden U.S. Supreme Court Case Ogden and Gibbons both operated steamboat companies on waterways in New York. Ogden had a license from the state that granted him the right to operate his boats on waters in New York. Gibbons had no such license.

Gibbons Vs. Ogden Gibbons responded by saying he had a license for the Federal Government to operate on U.S. waters (which included N.Y.). The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Gibbons. Why??? U.S. Constitution Articles 1.

Railroads Large quantities of coal were need to heat the engines to produce the steam. Large quantities of iron were needed to produce tracks and engines. The demand for these items created a boom in mining and in iron and steel production (PA). It caused the growth of railroad towns across the country (Chicago). It brought manufactured items to farmers which allowed for an increase in agricultural output. (we could feed more people!)

Inventors and Inventions Samuel Morse – telegraph Morse Code

Inventors and Inventions John Deere – Steel Plough – 1837 Cyrus McCormick – Mechanical Reaper – 1831 These inventions allowed for a massive increase in the amount of food produced by U.S. farmers.

Inventors and Inventions Elias Howe/Isaac Singer – Sewing Machine – 1830s Convenience items in the home began to be mass produced: Ice boxes, clocks, stoves. Invention and mass production was impacting every part of American life.