 Write down notes when you see this mark.

The Christian World This tree represents the different forms of Christianity. We have studied the Roman Catholics and the Orthodox Church, but there are many other forms of Christianity. The Protestant branch is one of the main branches, but has many leaves not shown on this graphic.

What was the Protestant Reformation? reforming  A 16th-century movement aimed at reforming some laws and practices of the Roman Catholic Church  The movement resulted in the establishment of Protestant churches. A portrayal of Martin Luther

 Why did Christians feel that the Roman Catholic Church needed to be re-formed?  Popes were too concerned with obtaining political power and wealth.  The church sold indulgences, or pardon for the sins committed in a person’s lifetime, to pay for its expenses. In other words, the RCC began to allow people to pay money to the church for the forgiveness of their sins which gave them entrance into heaven. “God has given us the papacy – let us enjoy it!” - Pope Leo X

Martin Luther (This is not Martin Luther King Jr. This is the guy Martin’s dad was named after.) It’s this guy. Not this guy.

 Luther’s Protest  Luther felt that the sale of indulgences was wrong.  He wrote a document called the 95 Theses which were 95 arguments against the sale of indulgences and nailed it to the door of the church in his town of Wittenburg, Germany.  Copies of this document were distributed all over Europe. How ? A portrayal of Luther nailing his 95 Theses to the church

The Diet of Worms Luther’s Punishments  Luther was excommunicated (denied the right to receive the sacraments).  The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V declared Luther an outlaw, which made it a crime for anyone to give him food or shelter. A portrayal of Luther on trial

 What were Luther’s beliefs?  Salvation (entrance into heaven) could only be achieved through faith alone  He rejected the church belief that good deeds had to be done to get into heaven.  The Bible was the sole source for religious truth.  Priests and the church did not have special powers. All Christians had access to God through the Bible and their own faith. A Copy of Luther’s 95 Theses

 Luther Calls for Other Changes in the Church.  Luther rejects five of the seven sacraments because the Bible did not mention them.  He banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints.  Changed the mass to emphasize the sermon.  Allowed the clergy to marry. The symbol of the Lutheran Church.

The Spread of Lutheranism Lutheranism spread throughout Germany and Scandinavia.

 Why did Luther’s Ideas Spread ?  Clergy saw Luther’s reforms as the answer to corruption in the church.  Some felt that Lutheranism was a way to take power away from the Catholic Church & the Holy Roman Empire.  Some wanted to take church property in their lands. The orange section of the map shows where people in Europe practiced Lutheranism

 John Calvin  Most important religious reformer after Luther.  Published the book Institutes of the Christian Religion which set forth his religious beliefs & provided advice on how to organize & run a Protestant Church. A portrait of John Calvin

 John Calvin’s Beliefs  Salvation was gained through faith alone.  The Bible was the only source of religious truth.  God was all powerful & that humans were by nature sinful and only God decided who could gain salvation.  Predestination – the idea that God, long ago determined who would gain salvation.  Theocracy – a government run by church officials

 Geneva Switzerland  Citizens of Geneva asked Calvin to lead their community & he set up a theocracy - a government run by church leaders.

 What did this new theocracy look like?  Calvinists stressed hard work, discipline, thrift, honesty & morality.  Citizens faced fines or harsh penalties for fighting, swearing, laughing in church, & dancing.  Theatres were closed.  Fancy clothes were frowned upon.

 Religious Violence Due to the Protestant Reformation  Protestants fought with Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire and France over religion.  The stress between the two sects of Christianity is still felt today.

 The Reformation in England  King Henry VIII wanted to end Papal control (control by the Pope) in England.

The Reformation in England  Henry was obsessed with having a male heir to the throne and his wife of 18 years, Catherine of Aragon, did not give him one.

The Reformation in England  He asked the Pope to annul (cancel) his marriage to Catherine but since she was the aunt of his friend Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, the Pope refused. The banner of the Holy Roman Empire

 Henry “kicks” the Pope out  Henry has Parliament pass a series of laws that allows him to control the English church.  The most famous was the Act of Supremacy which made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England.”

Henry “kicks” the Pope out  He appoints his friend Thomas Cranmer the archbishop, who annulled the king’s marriage to Catherine. Henry married Anne Boleyn, his second of six wives.

 Henry VIII & his Wives  Henry was obsessed with having a male heir to the throne.  He married 6 times trying to get an heir. He finally did, Edward who died as a teenager.

 The Church of England a.k.a. The Anglican Church  Henry shut down all convents and monasteries and seized their lands.  He gave the lands to nobles in England thus gaining their support.  Henry did not impose many religious change, that would come later.  For the next 100 years English Catholics and Protestant kings and queens fought over religion, eventually settling on Protestantism.

 The Roman Catholic Church Responds  Pope Paul III set out to revive the moral authority of the church to fight the Protestant movement.  Council of Trent – reaffirmed Catholic values such as salvation being achieved through good deeds  The Inquisition - used secret testimony, torture, & execution to fight heresy- (speaking out against the church)

Religions in Europe Prior to the Protestant Reformation

Religions in Europe after the Protestant Reformation