Biology Cells Biology: Cell Energy

Biology – Cell Energy Topics Investigate and analyze the cell as a living system including: Energy use and release in biochemical reactions. Investigate and describe the structure and function of enzymes and explain their importance in biological systems. Essential Questions 1.What is the source of energy for cell activity? 2.How do cells store and use energy with ATP and ADP? 3.What is the function of an enzyme? 4.What are key components of enzymes that allow them to complete a task? What factors affect enzymes?

Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will occur only with a source of energy. The peak of each graph represents the energy needed for the reaction to go forward. The difference between this required energy and the energy of the reactants is the activation energy. Energy and Chemical Reactions

Enzymes

Digestive Enzymes

ATP – ADP CYCLE ATP – ADP CYCLE Phosphate removed High energy bond broken Energy released to do cellular work Phosphate added High energy bond added Energy used to remake ATP the fuel all cells use A-Adenine (nitrogen base) B-Ribose (5-carbon sugar) C- Phosphate groups Energy Output Energy Input

Chemical Energy and ATP ATP can be compared to a fully charged battery because both contain stored energy, whereas ADP resembles a partially charged battery. What happens when a phosphate group is removed from ATP?

Biology – Cell Energy Topics Investigate and analyze the bioenergetic reactions: Aerobic Respiration. Anaerobic Respiration. Photosynthesis. Essential Questions 1.What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration and photosynthesis? 2.What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? Respiration? 3.Compare and contrast aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Which one is more efficient at ATP creation? Which organelles are involved? 4.What types of organisms use aerobic respiration? Anaerobic respiration? 5.What are the types of anaerobic respiration?

Chloroplast Light and Water Sugars CO 2 Light- Dependent Reactions Calvin Cycle Light Independent Reactions NADPH ATP ADP + P NADP + Chloroplast Photosynthesis: An Overview O2O2 An overview An overview CO 2 + H 2 0 C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2 LIGHT CHL

Overview - Photosynthesis Photosynthesis

Hydrogen Ion Movement Photosystem II Inner Thylakoid Space Thylakoid Membrane Stroma ATP synthase Electron Transport Chain Photosystem IATP Formation Chloroplast Light Dependent Reactions Light Dependent Reactions

Light – Dependent Reactions E – light Energy F – light capturing pigments I – electron pathway H – electron carriers T – ATP synthase Energy Molecules V - ATP / ADP L – NADP+ / NADPH CO 2 + H 2 O  C 6 H 12 O 6 + O 2

ChloropIast CO 2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated Sugars and other compounds 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Calvin Cycle Light – Independent Reactions Light – Independent Reactions

Observing Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration - Overview Overview Glucose GlycolysisKrebs cycle Electron transport Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid

Glucose Glycolysis Cytoplasm Pyruvic acid Electrons carried in NADH Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Electron Transport Chain Mitochondrion Cellular Respiration Summary C 6 H 12 O CO 2 + H ATP Overview

Glucose To the electron transport chain 2 Pyruvic acid (Pyruvate) Glycolysis Glucose GlycolysisKrebs cycle Electron transport Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid

The Krebs Cycle Part a Part a Part b Part b

Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Chain part 1 Electron Transport Chain part 2 Electron Transport Chain Section 9-2 Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement ATP Production ATP synthase Channel Inner Membrane Matrix Intermembrane Space Mitochondrion

Glucose (C 6 H ) + Oxygen (0 2 ) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) + Water (H 2 O) Cellular Respiration

Observing Cellular Respiration