By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co. Internet Protocol E-government and IP Symposium

‘ IP Protocol ’ The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet IP provides a global addressing layer across heterogeneous networks Commonly referred to by the names of two, central protocols, TCP and IP, hence ‘ TCP/IP ’ Organized in a ‘ stack ’ of ‘ layers ’ Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

When you send or receive data (for example, an note or a Web page), the message gets divided (by TCP) into little chunks called packets Each packet is inserted into different Internet Protocol (IP) “ envelopes. ” Each contains the address of the intended recipient and has the exact same header as all other envelopes. By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co. How The protocol Works

A router receives the packets and then determines the most efficient way to send the packets to the recipient. After traveling along a series of routers, the packets arrive at their destination. By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co. How The protocol Works

By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co. How The protocol Works Upon arrival at their destination, TCP checks the data for corruption against the header included in each packet. If TCP finds a bad packet, it sends a request that the packet be retransmitted.

IP Addresses Since computers process numbers more efficiently and quickly than characters, each machine directly connected to the Internet is given an IP Address An IP address is a 32-bit address comprised of four 8-bit numbers (2 8 ) separated by periods. Each of the four numbers has a value between 0 and 255 Example of an IP Address: By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

IP Addresses vs. URLs While numeric IP addresses work very well for computers, most humans find it difficult to remember long patterns of numbers. Instead, humans identify computers using Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) “ Web Addresses ”. By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

IP Addresses vs. URLs When a human types a URL into a browser, the request is sent to a Domain Name Server (DNS), which then translates the URL to an IP address understood by computers. The DNS acts like a phonebook. By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

What is DNS? DNS stands for “ Domain Name System ” A globally distributed, loosely coherent, scalable, reliable, dynamic database of identifiers. The mechanism to translate identifiers to IP addresses and vice versa. Used in many Internet software and applications By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

Internationalized Domain Names 現代.com السودان.comسوداتل.net ישראל. קום Large number of population in Asia Pacific are not native English speakers. Names are often used in DNS identifiers. Matter of culture diversity and identity By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

IDN Difficulties A fundamental requirement in this work is to not disturb the current use and operation of the domain name system, and for the DNS to continue to allow any system anywhere to resolve any domain name. ” By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

IETF Technical Solution By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co. User Nameprep (RFC 3491) processing Resolver DNS Servers Application Servers Punycode unless protocol is updated Punycode (RFC 3492)

How it works? By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co. User Nameprep processing Resolver DNS Servers Application Servers Input: 新加坡 ( ) GBK xn--3bs3aw5wpa2a (E6 96 B0 E5 8A A0 E5 9D A1) UTF-8

Software supporting IDN Mozilla 1.4/Netscape 7.1 (Win/Mac/Unix) Konqueror 3.2 (Linux) Safari 1.2 (Mac OS X) Opera 7.20 (Win, Emb) Verisign i-Nav - Internet Explorer plug-in that provides IDN support. By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

IDN SDK GNU IDN Library International Components for Unicode (ICU) Libraries. JPNIC idnkit (formerly mDNkit) Paul Hoffman's Perl Libraries. Verisign IDN Software Development Kit for C & Java. grs.com/idn/sdk_download.html Python - version 2.3 has IDNA support built into the language encodings.idna.html By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

Problems … Based on code points in Unicode (ISO/IEC 10646) Case folding and normalization process to ensure to “ have the highest chance of getting the content of the strings correct. ” An internationalized solution to encode scripts  good enough to encode non-English scripts  But it does not handle any localization By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

ICANN Guidelines Published by the IDN Committee on 20 th June 2003, it lays out ICANN Guidelines for registries to implement IDNs Basic concepts:  Conformance to IETF standards  Restrict registration to a subset of code points  Associate each registration with some language  Reserve all other variants IDNs  Develop language-specific registration policies By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

Considerations for policy makers IDN enables a non-English Internet user to use their own native name in DNS (URL, , etc) Culture and language = National Sovereignty It is important to develop sensible and well- thought policies on IDNs Language is a difficult problem to tackle  Some language is written in multiple scripts  Some language share the same scripts  Some scripts are used across many regions Unlike other policies, IDN policies are likely to cross borders  JET took more then 2 years to develop CJK Guidelines It is never too early to start … By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Proposed by delegates to the ITU Plenipotentiary Meeting in 1998 Endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly as a multi-sectoral approach UN global summit under the high patronage of the Secretary General Two-Phase:  Geneva in December 2003 will adopt a Declaration of Principles and Action Plan  Tunis in 2005 will assess progress and refine the Action Plan with a focus on development By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) "To develop a common vision and understanding of the Information Society, to better understand its scope and dimensions and to draw up a strategic plan of action for successfully adapting to the new society“ Proposed themes for WSIS:  Access to ICTs for all  ICTs as tools for social and economic development  Confidence and security in the use of ICTs By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Original Draft (May 03) "44. Management of Internet names and addresses: Internet governance must be multilateral, democratic and transparent, taking into account the needs of the public and private sectors as well as those of the civil society, and respecting multilingualism. The coordination responsibility for root servers, domain names, and Internet Protocol (IP) address assignment should rest with a suitable international, inter-governmental organization. The policy authority for country code top-level-domain names (ccTLDs) should be the sovereign right of countries." By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Final Draft Declaration [44. International Internet management: The international management of the Internet should be democratic, multilateral, transparent and participative with the full involvement of the governments, intergovernmental organizations, private sector and civil society. This management should encompass both technical and policy issues. While recognizing that the private sector has an important role in the development of Internet at the technical level, and will continue to take a lead role, the fast development of internet as the basis of information society requires that governments, take a lead role, in partnership with all the other stakeholders, in developing and coordinating policies of the public interests related to stability, security, competition, freedom of use, protection of individual rights and privacy, sovereignty, and equal access for all, among all the other aspects, through appropriate [intergovernmental/ international] organizations.] By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS) Draft Action Plan #33 33 Internet governance: Internet governance has emerged as a key issue of the information society. A transparent, multilateral and democratic governance of the Internet shall continue the basis for the development of a global culture of cyber-security. An [international/intergovernmental] organization should ensure multilateral, democratic and transparent management of root servers, domain names and Internet Protocol (IP) address assignment. By: Badreldin M. Mekki Marouf,Sudan Telecommunication Co.

The End,Thanks