Spread of Protestantism and the Catholic Response 17.3, 17.4

I. Zwinglian Reformation  With Peace of Augsburg, Christian Unity is lost forever.  However, breaks in the Protestant faith had already emerged.  Ulrich Zwingli, priest in Switzerland, new reforms – relics and images were abolished. Did not believe in holy communion. New service structure.  Tried to align with Luther, unable.  Fight with Prot./Cath. And Zwingli is killed  John Calvin takes over

II. Calvin  Educated in France, converted to Prot. And forced to leave.  Wrote a book on Prot. Thought.  Agreed with Luther that faith alone saves but also in the all-powerful nature of God  Let to idea of PREDESTINATION – God determines in advance who is saved  Ideas lead to reforming Geneva Services included laity and clergy  Consistory – oversee church, uphold moral principles  Geneva – powerful Prot. City. In mid 16 th c. Calvinism replaces Lutheranism as most dominant form of Prot,

John Calvin By 1553: Institutes of the Christian Religion. Predestination. Claimed that man can do nothing to alter his fate. Calvin became the political leader of Geneva, Switzerland where he preached the values of: Wake up early Work hard Be concerned with good morals Be thrifty Abstain from worldly pleasures Be sober Be serious

III. Reformation in England  Rooted in Politics not religion  Henry VIII wanted to divorce wife. (no male heir) Pope would not annul marriage. So Henry looked to his own bishops.  1533 Archbishop of Canterbury ruled marriage null/void. Married Anne Boleyn. Child was girl (to become Queen Elizabeth I).  1534 – official break. King is head of England and can make all church appts. Dissolved monasteries used money to boost treasury but still close to Catholic teachings.

Henry VIII - England  Anglican Church (Church of England) - allows divorces/annulments Marriages of Henry VIII -Catherine of Aragon in 1509, divorcing her in 1533 (divorce) -Ann Boleyn, married in 1533, one daughter, Elizabeth (executed for infidelity) -Jane Seymour 1536, one son, Edward VI (died at birth -mother) *only true wife -Ann of Cleves 1540 (unattractive) -Catherine of Howard 1540 (executed for infidelity) -Catherine Parr 1543, widowed in 1547 X

 Edward VI 1547 – Henry’s son to 3 rd wife. Only 9 so church officials moved closer to Prot.  Henry’s daughter Mary took over in Very much catholic wanted to move back to Catholicism. Burned 300 protestants as heretics. Name “Bloody Mary”.  Backfired, made people even more protestant.

IV. Anabaptists  Disliked state being involved in Church affairs.  Baptized adult believers who they felt were the true Christian people because they voluntarily joined.  Each church chose own minister, any member of society was eligible.  Wanted separation of church and state. Did not hold political offices or bear arms.  Protestants and Catholics persecuted them.

Radical Reformation Anabaptists  The Anabaptists believed that they had an immediate and inner connection with God.  Basic Principles:  Sola Scriptura (holiness of the scripture)  Strict Separation of Church and State  Believers Baptism (adult)  Amish, Mennonites, Church of the Brethren, Hutterites  The Anabaptists believed that they had an immediate and inner connection with God.  Basic Principles:  Sola Scriptura (holiness of the scripture)  Strict Separation of Church and State  Believers Baptism (adult)  Amish, Mennonites, Church of the Brethren, Hutterites

V. Effects of Role of Women  New view of family – center of human life  No specialness to celibacy, monks etc.  Importance to love of “man and wife”  In reality, men were the rulers and females were the servant  Obedience to husband and bear children  Family was destiny for Prot. Women so in reality no change in women’s subordinate role

VI. Catholic Reformation  Middle 1500’s Lutheranism in Germany and Scandinavia  Calvinism - Switzerland, France, Netherlands  England – a national church  Catholic Church realizes they need to make changes. Helped by  Jesuits  Reform of the papacy  Council of Trent

 Jesuits – founded by Spaniard Ignatius of Loyola Obedience to pope. Restored Catholic Teachings in places. Used education to spread word.  Papacy – Pope Paul III felt earlier popes misused power. Wanted to stop corruption.  Council of Trent – 1545 by Pope Paul III. A group of cardinals, archbishops, etc. met. Reaffirmed catholic teachings of faith and good works as well as forbidding the selling of indulgences.  Catholic Church re-emerged strengthened by new leadership.

Council of Trent  Catholic Church mobilizes to deal with the protestants  Goal?

Compare and Contrast Protestant TheologyCatholicism Theology Rejects papal authority and the supernatural character of the priesthood. All believed, with various interpretations, in justifications by faith alone: Faith is the only thing necessary for salvation Rejects purgatory Obligatory confession (sins). All reduced the number of sacraments, usually to two or three (Baptism, Communion, Confirmation) Replaced Latin with the vernacular. Pope is the ultimate authority of the Church; Priests are necessary for sacraments and to interpret the Bible. Faith & good works (charity, the sacraments) are necessary for salvation. Three levels: heaven, purgatory, and hell Confess sins to priest. Intercession between worshipers and God: The special place of Mary in Heaven The Saints and Angels There are seven sacraments for salvation.