APEH 21 The Conservative Order and the Challenges of Reform

Europe after the Congress of Vienna 1815

Purpose Review Ideologies –Nationalism –Liberalism –Conservatism Analyze the way nationalism and liberalism challenged the conservative order in Germany, England, and France using the five analysis questions. (Who, what, where, when, and why?) Key Terms: Six Acts, Burschenshaften, Carlsbad Decrees, Ultraroyalism, Concert of Europe, Chamber of Deputies, Junkers, The Charter, Peterloo Massacre.

Review What are the basic characteristics of nationalism, liberalism, and conservatism? How did nationalism and liberalism challenge conservatism? How are each of the following related to this challenge? –Karl Sand, Peterloo, Ultraroyalism Key Terms: Six Acts, Burschenshaften, Carlsbad Decrees, Ultraroyalism, Concert of Europe, Chamber of Deputies, Junkers, The Charter, Peterloo Massacre.

Europe after the Congress of Vienna 1815

Bourbon Restoration Count of ArtoisDuke of Berri

Review What are the basic characteristics of nationalism, liberalism, and conservatism? How did nationalism and liberalism challenge conservatism? How are each of the following related to this challenge? –Karl Sand, Peterloo, Ultraroyalism

Vocabulary Review Past FRQs 1.Conservatism 2.Liberalism 3.Nationalism 4.Peterloo Massacre 5.The Charter 6.Chamber of Deputies 7.Concert of Europe 8.Ultraroyalism 9.Carlsbad Decrees 10.Burschenshaften 11.Six Acts 12.Junkers Previous Free Response Question (2003) Compare and contrast political liberalism with political conservatism in the first half of the nineteenth century in Europe. (1993) Describe the ways in which conservative political and social views shaped the peace settlement of the Congress of Vienna. Explain the consequences of the peace settlement for the period 1815 to 1848.

Purpose Analyze the Congress of Europe and how it maintained Conservatism throughout Europe during early 19th century by researching and discussing the five analysis questions. Understand the underlying forces of the European revolutions in the early 19th century up to the 1830s by discussing background and supporters as well as results. Greece, Russia, Serbia, Poland, France, Belgium Key Terms-Concert of Europe, Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of Trappau, Congress of Laibach, Congress of Verona

The Congress System and the Concert of Europe Congress System –A series of international meetings among the European powers (Austria, Prussia, Russia, England, France) to promote mutual cooperation. Concert of Europe –Designed to maintain a balance of power, especially against the aggression of Russia and France. –Maintain peace.

“The statesmen of the Vienna generation…did not so much fear war because they thought it would bring revolution…they had learned from bitter experience that war was revolution.” Paul W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics,

Congress of Europe Describe the details (5 analysis questions) for each of the following. Explain how each of them strengthens the conservative order. –Aix-la-Chapelle –Congress of Troppau –Congress of Laibach –Congress of Verona

Congress of Europe Aix-la-Chapelle (1818) –Four major powers (Russia, Austria, Prussia, England) withdrew their troops from France. –France paid all reparations. –France was re-admitted as a nation in good-standing. Conservative Order?

Congress of Europe Congress of Troppau (1820) –Who? Bourbon Monarch VII of Spain Cortes Spanish Army Issued by the Holy Alliance –Where? Spain –What? Stable governments might intervene to restore order in countries experiencing revolution. –Why? To maintain the status quo of conservative order of Europe. It was enforced by the powers from the Congress of Vienna. Conservative Order?

Congress of Europe Congress of Laibach (1821) –Who? Italy and members of the Congress –Where? Italy –What? Austrian troops marched into Naples and restored the king of the Two Sicilies to non- constitutional government. –Why? Austria hoped to dominate the peninsula to provide a buffer against the spread of revolution. Austria wanted direct control over Italian government so they would be more efficient. Conservative Order?

Congress of Europe Congress of Verona (1822) –Who? Spain and Members of the Congress (Britain withdrew under Canning) –Where? Spain –What? French given permission to intervene in Spain where the revolution against the Bourbon monarchy was taking place and was allowed to temporarily occupy the country (1827) –Why? To restore order in Spain Conservative Order?

The Congress System 1818-Aix-la-Chapelle 1820-The Congress of Troppau 1821-The Congress of Laibach 1822-The Congress of Verona Goal: Maintain the status quo.

European Revolution Early 19 th Century Conservative Order Challenged Liberalism? Conservatism? Nationalism?

Purpose Understand the underlying forces of the European revolutions in the early 19th century up to 1830 by discussing background and supporters as well as results. Greece, Russia, Serbia, Poland, France, Belgium. Through discussion we will analyze the political ideologies of nationalism, liberalism and conservatism to predict which of these will be the dominant ideology by the end of the 19 th century. Key Terms: Eastern Question, Official nationality, Decembrist Revolt 1825.

Revolutions of the early 19c.

Greek Revolution 1821 Liberalism? Conservatism? Nationalism?

Greece 1821 Liberalism against Asian despotism. European fear of instability. Russia and Austria’s desire to control the Balkans. Britain and France’s desire for naval position. Christian treatment and access to the Holy Land Treaty of London (Russia and France agreed) –Greek Independence –Support for Greek Revolt 1829-Treaty of Adrianople-Turks would allow Russia, Britain, France to decide Greece’s future Treaty of London declared Greece an independent kingdom Support and Background Results

Serbian Independence 1830 Russia

Serbia –Guerilla warfare against the Ottoman Empire led by Karageorge Created a self-identity (nationalism) Attracted interest of European powers Most Serbs lived outside of the territory Tension created because of many nationalities 1820s-Protected by Russia –Serbian leader Milos able to gain more autonomy but not independence Formally granted Independence by the Ottoman Empire 1833-Milos convinced the Ottomans to extend Serbian borders (until 1878). Serbia separated from Russia by Austria Support and Background Results

Decembrist Uprising-1825 Liberalism? Conservatism? Nationalism?

Russia 1825-Decemberist Revolt Alexander I(1801) –Suppressed liberalism and nationalism. –Russian Forces exposed to Enlightenment Ideas. –Northern Society –Southern Society –1825 Alexander died, Constantine refused the throne. Nicholas became tsar Coup d’etat –Rebel army officers (Moscow Regiment) refused allegiance to Nicholas. –Rebels wanted a constitution and Constantine. –Nicholas reacted by attacking the insurgents –Autocracy installed- Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationalism Support and Background Results

Revolutions of 1830

Poland 1830

Poland 1830s Liberalism? Conservatism? Nationalism?

Poland 1830s Partitioned by the Congress of Vienna Dominated by Russia (Alexander I and Nicholas I) Controlled by Grand Duke Constantine Constitutional government under the tsar’s control. Polish nationalism existed November 30-Warsaw disturbance led to violence throughout the country. Diet wanted Nicholas deposed Nicholas sends troops to put down rebellion Organic Statute declared Poland to be an integral part of the Russian Empire. Russia dominated Polish politics and affairs by suppressing liberalism and nationalism Background and SupportResult

Belgium 1830s Liberalism? Conservatism? Nationalism?

Belgium 1830

Belgium 1830s Territory restructured by the Congress of Vienna –1815-Merged with the kingdom of Holland Disturbance in Brussels 1830 Provisional Government of municipal authorities and propertied classes tried to end the rioting. Compromise failed between the Belgian and Dutch Dutch defeated A national congress wrote a Belgian constitution Major powers were already suppressing revolts. France wanted to dominate Belgium Britain wasn’t threatened by a liberal Belgium and wanted to see their independence Belgium was recognized as an independent. Convention of 1839 recognized it as a neutral nation. Background and SupportResults

France 1830s Liberalism? Conservatism? Nationalism?

France 1830s 1824-Count of Artois replaced Louis XVIII as Charles X Believed in Divine Right Chamber of Deputies compensated aristocracy for lost land, restored primogeniture, enforced laws supporting the Catholic Church Liberals gained seats in the Chamber of Deputies. After trying to work with liberals, Charles reinforced ultraroyalism Liberals won a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (conservative royal reaction) 1830 Four Ordinances issued by Charles X Public reaction was to revolt. (July Days) Royal troops could not stop the revolt. Charles X abdicated the throne Chamber of Deputies established a Constitutional Monarchy Bourbon rule ended Duke d’Orleans-Louis Philippe became the “July” monarch. Louis Philippe became known as the King of the French. Tri-color flag replaced the Bourbon flag. Constitution represented the people. Catholicism became the religion of the majority. Censorship was abolished Hereditary Privilege was abolished. Wealth led to powerful social and political status-less restrictive economy Members of the urban working class ignored. Background and Support Results

England 1830s Liberalism? Conservatism? Nationalism?

England 1830s Before 1820, Britain appeared to be moving down the same reactionary road as the other major powers. What factors led to a different outcome in Britain? What was the purpose of the Great Reform Bill? What did it achieve? Would you call it a “revolutionary” document? Key Terms to be included- Act of Union, Catholic Emancipation Act.

The Great Reform Bill, Great Britain 1832 Larger commercial and industrial class Strong respect for civil liberties 1800-Act of Union passed between Ireland and Great Britain 1829-Catholic Emancipation act passed to appease Irish Catholics in Parliament Rotten Boroughs-very few voters-not represented in government. Vote did not extend to more than propertied class- unrepresented population. First Reform Bill in 1831 failed- Riots followed. Expanded the size of the electorate (not democratic) Increased the number of voters by 200,000 or 50% Property qualification still existed. New urban boroughs were created. New rural districts were created. Including more people in government made revolution unnecessary. Support and Background Result