 Nuclear Chemistry. Nuclear Vs. Chemical Reactions  Nuclear reactions involve a change in an atom’s nucleus, usually producing a different element.

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Presentation transcript:

 Nuclear Chemistry

Nuclear Vs. Chemical Reactions  Nuclear reactions involve a change in an atom’s nucleus, usually producing a different element.  In nuclear reactions, different isotopes of an element do not normally behave similarly  Rates of nuclear reactions are unaffected by temperature and catalysts

Nuclear Vs. Chemical Reactions  Nuclear reactions are independent of the chemical form of the element  Energy change accompanying nuclear reactions are much larger and comes from destruction of mass  In nuclear reactions, mass is NOT strictly conserved. Some mass is transferred into energy, E=mc 2

Nuclear Radiation  Alpha particle, α - emission of an He nucleus, resulting in a decrease in both mass and atomic number.

Beta Particle  Beta radiation, β - emission of a beta particle (an electron from the nucleus) resulting in an increase in atomic number.  How can an electron come from the nucleus?  A neutron has turned into a proton, thereby ejecting an electron

Nuclear Radiation  Positron Emission- emission of a positively charge electron (positron) from the nucleus, resulting in a decrease in the atomic number. A positron has the same mass as an electron, but opposite in charge. Inside the nucleus a proton is being converted into a neutron.

Radiation  Gamma radiation, γ -This is the photon that carries the energy (higher than x-rays) that is emitted. Gamma rays have no mass or charge. It’s strictly energy and provides no changes in the isotope.

Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Radiation

Nuclear Stability and Decay  The stability of a nucleus depends on its neutron to proton ratio.  For elements with low atomic numbers the ratio is about 1. For those with higher atomic numbers it’s ~1.5  Example: C-12, N-14, O-16 all 1:1  Example Pb-208

Nuclear Stability  All nuclei that have an atomic number greater than 83 are radioactive because they have too many protons and neutrons.  Most of these heavy elements emit alpha particles in order to increase the proton:neutron ratio and therefore, stability  Fission vs Fusion  Fusion-combining of nuclei  Fission-splitting of nuclei

Half Life  Half life is the time required for ½ of the nuclei of a radioisotope sample to decay  Half lives can be as short as a fraction of a second to as long as a billion years.  Example: Radon has a half life of 3.8 days, how long would it take for a 10 gram sample of radon to decrease to 2.5 grams?