Ch 25 – Age of Nationalism “Big” Changes Happening

1871 – Europe Strong nation states Mass politics and loyalty to the nation – Govt’s take advantage of these Universal male suffrage (1914) is common Women’s suffrage??? Universal Male Suffrage Not so much

Germany Prussia + 24 smaller states Led by Otto von Bismarck (chancellor) and the elected Reichstag Mainly supported by National Liberals The master of “Realpolitik” –Politics based on reality, not idealism – Bismarck attacks the Catholic Church Kulturkampf (struggle for civilization) – Church vs. nation? Who comes first? Otto von Bismarck Anton von Werner's depiction of William's proclamation as Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors (Bismarck in white). Pious IX VS.

Between Berlin and Rome, Kladderadatsch (satirical German-language magazine), 1875

Germany cont… 1873 World financial crash – Bismarck gets more support 1)Catholic Center Party -Economic peasants 2)Conservative Prussians -Junkers landowners 1890 new German emperor William II forces Bismarck to resign Black Friday at May 9th 1873 at the Vienna stock exchange, wood engraving from 1873 William II (Wilhelm II) in 1902 William & father 1862

Bismarck’s changes Higher tariffs Outlawed socialist party Social Security laws (1883) National sickness and accident insurance (’83/’84) Old age pensions and retirement benefits (1889) Bismarck at 80 years old Franz von Lenbach - Portrait of Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck

France Humiliation with Franco-Prussian loss 3rd Republic refused to leave Paris National Assembly elect conservs/monarchs – Give up Alsace and Lorraine (to Germany) Upset Parisians = Paris Commune (March 1871) – Govern Paris without countryside – Adolphe Thiers calls in army Voted President & kept things moderate Albert Bettannier, In France, children were taught in school to not forget the lost provinces, which were colored in black on maps.

Other French leaders Leon Gambetta – Republic of equal opportunity – Absolute parliamentary Autocratic Pres. MacMahon forced out of office Leon Gambetta Howard Pyle

Other French leaders cont… Jules Ferry – Free compulsory elementary schools Boys and girls – Taxes to support schools – Battle with Catholic schools 44 th Prime Minister of France École Jules Ferry à Sartrouville

France’s Divorce from the Catholic Church Dreyfus Affair – Jewish Captain convicted of treason – False evidence provided by French military Catholics and anti-Semites against Dreyfus – Declared innocent later French Govt and Catholic Church split Capt. Dreyfus on trial

British Government Slow to initiate universal male suffrage – Not until 1884 Third Reform Bill Benjamin Disraeli pushed for this House of Lords vs. House of Commons – Commons = democratic ideals – Lords = Old ways Vetoed many House of Commons bills – People’s Budget (social welfare services) Benjamin Disraeli Disraeli & Queen Victoria

Govt. cont… David Lloyd George – Raised taxes on rich to pay for social services National health insurance Unemployment benefits Old-age pensions George 1908 David Lloyd George

Britain vs. Ireland Late 1800s famine starts issues in Ireland England P.M. William Gladstone tried to help give Ireland self-government – Failed to pass bills in Parliament Home Rule bill passed ( with help…People’s Budget ) – 2 groups in Ireland though 1)Catholics in South (want home rule) 2)Protestants in North (no home rule)