AQA AS Revision Mike Murray Based on past paper questions and answers to those questions

Content Lung volumes / gas exchange / Diffusion Cardiovascular drift Input functions / Perception Schema theory Role of National Governing Bodies Role of Youth Sports Trust Qu 7 – Fitness testing - why and limitations

Lung volumes Tidal volume Amount of air moving in and out during normal breathing Expiratory reserve volume Amount of air that could be used when breathing out Inspiratory reserve volume Amount of air that could be used when breathing in Vital capacity Maximum amount of air breathed in and out Residual volume Amount of air left in the lungs after breathing out

Exercising TV - increasing Spirometer Trace VC IRV Exercising TV - increasing TV ERV RV Slide No.

Lung volumes Vital Capacity = Minute ventilation = During exercise: TV increases - TV + ERV + IRV TV x breathing rate in both depth and frequency taking air from ERV and IRV Slide No.

Typical Question 1 Jan 10 Qu 1 The diagram shows the spirometer reading of an athlete. Which lung volume is represented by the letter B ? (1 mark) What would be the effect of a period of continuous running on the spirometer trace for lung volume A? (2 marks)

Answer Question 1 (i) Inspiratory reserve volume; Increased tidal volume; More frequent peaks / increased rate;

Alveolar gas exchange Carbon dioxide Higher partial pressure in blood – CO2 diffuses into alveolus Oxygen Higher partial pressure in alveolus – O2 diffuses into blood pO2 = 100 pCO2 = 32 alveolus pO2 = 40 pCO2 = 46 blood

Features of diffusion Diffusion – movement of substances from area of to concentration In gases correct term is Works because: Thin Short Large differences in Large contact high lower partial pressure membranes distance partial pressure surface area

Typical Question 2 Jan 11 Qu 1 (c)The diagram shows values for the partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide at two different points in one gas exchange system. (i) Use the information in the diagram to explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide move between the two locations. (3 marks) (ii) The alveoli provide the lungs with a large surface area for diffusion. Name two other structural features of the lungs that assist diffusion. (2 marks) alveolus pO2 = 104 mm Hg pCO2 = 40 mm Hg Blood capillary pO2 = 40 mm Hg pCO2 = 46 mm Hg

Answer question 2 Process = diffusion – gases go from high to low partial pressure; O2 moves from higher pO2 in alveoli to lower in blood; CO2 moves from higher pO2 in blood to lower in alveoli; (ii) Thin membrane / large surface area / short distance / large blood supply

Gas Exchange at muscles diffuses from blood into muscles Combines with red pigment – - an oxygen store Oxygen used to produce produced as a waste product Diffuses from muscle into blood Oxygen myoglobin energy Carbon dioxide

Typical Question 3 Jan 13 Qu 2. (c) Explain how the gas exchange system operates at muscles. (4 marks)

Answer question 3 Process = diffusion; Requires thin membranes / short distance / large concentration gradient; Blood – low pCO2 / high O2 compared to muscles (accept opposite); Oxygen into muscles / myoglobin; Carbon dioxide into blood / haemoglobin / plasma / bicarbonate ion;

Cardiovascular drift

Description During exercise lasting Cardiac output Stroke volume Heart rate steady state 60 minutes stays constant decreases increases

cardio-vascular drift Explanation Continuous exercise – lots of Reduces and hence Hence reduced - But cardiac output needs to be kept Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume If stroke volume , then heart rate must to maintain cardiac output Called sweating blood volume venous return stroke volume Starling’s Law constant reduces increase cardio-vascular drift

Typical question 4 May 05 Qu 2 Explain why a performer’s stroke volume decreases during a run of constant pace and workload. (4 marks)

Answer question 4 Sweating / loss of fluids; Decreased blood volume; Decreased venous return; Reduced contractility; Starlings Law - decreased stroke volume; Called cardio-vascular drift;

Input Main senses involved in sport Eyes/vision/visual sense Ears/hearing/auditory sense Proprioceptors Body awareness/kinaesthetic sense Touch/tactile sense Balance/equilibrium sense

Typical Question 5 May 09 Qu 4. (a) In games such as badminton, performers use information processing to make decisions. (i) State four types of sensory information used in badminton. (3 marks)

Answer question 5 Visual / sight; Auditory / hearing; Touch / tactile; Kinesthetic; Balance;

Perception - making sense Three components to the perceptual process D.C.R process Detection of stimuli Comparison to memory Recognition of stimuli

Selective attention Too much in Only pay attention to information and ignore Inbetween S.T.S.S. And S.T.M. Speeds up information environment relevant irrelevant decision-making

Improving selective attention Change Highlight/focus Learn to ignore Lots of practice performer intensity of the stimulus on appropriate cue(s) Mental rehearsal irrelevant stimuli realistic Motivate

Typical question 6 May 14 Qu 3. (d) (i) Outline the function of selective attention. (2 marks) (ii) How can a coach improve selective attention? (3 marks)

Answer question 6 (i) Filters out irrelevant AND retains relevant information; Receives information from Short-term sensory store; Speeds up decision-making; Relevant practice; Increase intensity / motivation; Mental rehearsal; Highlight cues;

Schema theory Generalised Motor programme adjusted Four relationships (schema) stored for every movement: Initial conditions - what’s going on Response specifications - what’s needed 3. Sensory consequences - how’d it feel 4. Response outcomes - what happened

schema evaluates responses – Schema theory schema adjusts motor programme – schema evaluates responses – Recall Initial conditions and response specifications Recognition Sensory consequences and response outcomes

response specifications Developing schema Learn skills before skills Practice should be Develop range of Build up set of / movement requirements/outcomes practised simple complex / sports varied initial conditions response specifications

Typical Question 7 May 12 Qu 4. (c) When teaching new skills coaches will often implement the principles of Schmidt’s Schema Theory. (i) Explain the functions of recognition schema. (4 marks) (ii) What implications does Schmidt’s Schema Theory have for the way in which sports skills should be taught? (2 marks)

Answer question 7 Set of rules / relationships; Remembered after skill performed; Sensory consequences / intrinsic feedback; Response outcome / result; (ii) Vary practices; Use many initial conditions / situations; Develop many movement requirements / response specifications; Simple before complex / sport specific skills;

Role of National Governing Bodies Develop structure Talent Identification Programmes Manage development strategies – , , etc Develop structure Manage Enforce of sport club and competition WCP TASS coaching representative teams rules and regulations Promotion

Role of National Governing Bodies Increase number of Improve facilities and personnel – Increased funding – links with local businesses, NGB and LAs Combat discrimination Use to promote sports participants e.g. development officers, coaches role models

NGB’s Income from Some profitable – Most dependent on membership fees grants sponsorship TV rights self-funded grants

Challenges for NGBs New sports attracting participants Decline in Need to compete internationally – develop Key issue - for TV Need to meet criteria for lottery funding school sport coaching and training marketing – Whole Sport Plans

Whole Sports Plans WSP – plan for all – grass roots to elite WSP directs Sport England funding Identifies Links with partners – ‘Measures’ NGB’s needs Sportivate how well NGB’s doing

Typical question 8 What are the main roles of National Governing Bodies? How does the production of a ‘Whole Sport Plan’ benefit a sport?

Answer question 8 Competitions / TIPs / Elite selection / Coaches / Participation / Development / Funding / anti-discrimination / discipline Increases participation; Increases Sport England funding; More volunteers/coaches; Measureable performance at elite level

encourage participation Youth Sports Trust Charity – helps provide: Help Primary school teachers deliver sport and P.E. good practice Provide opportunities for those with special educational needs and disabilities Help deliver programmes, conferences and events for secondary school sport and P.E. - Teacher training equipment provision encourage participation equality School games clubs for new sports

Typical question 9 May 11 Qu 5. (c) How does the ‘Youth Sports Trust’ help to develop Physical Education and school sport opportunities? (3 marks)

Answer question 9 Change PE to engage disinterested / disabled; Training teachers; Supply equipment; New clubs within schools; Work with NGBs; More competitions; More volunteers / leaders;

Fitness testing – why and limitations Reasons: Identify areas of Shows Shows whether is working Identifies starting level of Used to to others Provides variety to training programme - helps performer; Some (maximal) tests weakness improvements training fitness compare motivate improve fitness

Fitness testing – limitations They are too general - not Often use different Are often Require Many do not use direct measuring / sub-maximal – therefore Tests often lack – don’t test what they are supposed to test; sport specific actions / movements non-competitive motivation inaccurate validity

Typical question 10 Jan 11 Identify the main reasons for conducting fitness tests and discuss the possible limitations of fitness testing.

Answer question 10 Main reasons: Identify strengths and/or weaknesses in a performance /success of a training programme/show improvement; Physiological potential/identifies starting level of fitness/some (maximal) tests improve fitness/aid training; Compared against norms of the group; Helps motivate performer; Provides variety to training programme;  Limitations: They are not sport specific/too general; They do not replicate movements of activity; Do not replicate competitive conditions required in sports; Many do not use direct measuring/sub-maximal – therefore inaccurate; Tests used often/may lack validity; Validity - test what they are supposed to test;

Hope today has helped your revision Good luck in the exam!