New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Discovery Seminar /UE 141 MMM – Spring 2008 Solving Crimes using Referent Tracking Crime Terminology Introduction – Feb 6, 2008 Discussion – Feb 13, 2008 Werner CEUSTERS Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences Ontology Research Group University at Buffalo, NY, USA

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Assignment Find words that are used to describe a person from the time some serious crime has been committed, till the time the one who committed the crime is executed (suppose we are in Texas). Example words are: culprit, accused, defendant, suspect,... Give also at least 2 definitions for each word you submit. You are free to use whatever source, but if you do, quote it appropriately.

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Response overview S72/6 S52/5 S32/4 S22/1 S101/24 (ja)1/23 S91/22

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Results suspect felon convict accused defendant prisoner inmate murderer criminal offender interrogation investigation victim evidence foul play trial jury judge lawyer witness weapon perpetrator detainee lawbreaker delinquent wrongdoer arraigned culprit guilty acquitted adjournment during the Trial or Hearing admissible arrest alleged offender appeal brief charge forensic evidence sentencing verdict alleged incrimate inculpate mobster robber predator intriguing subhuman

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U ‘suspect’ to doubt or mistrust. to believe to be the case or to be likely or probable; surmise. one who is suspected of something. one who is suspected of having committed a crime. someone who is under suspicion to think (a person etc) guilty to believe to be guilty, false, counterfeit, undesirable, defective, bad. to have doubts about; distrust person being accused of a crime, before conviction or trial to have an idea or impression of existence or idea without certain proof.

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U ‘Terminology’ 1)The discipline of terminology management –homonymous with terminology –synonymous with terminology work (used in ISO 704) 2)The set of designations used in the special language of a subject field, such as the terminology of chemistry –Used in in both the singular and plural –Used with an article in the singular: a terminology

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Fundamental Activities of Terminology Work Identifying ‘concepts’ and ‘concept relations’; –Analyzing and modeling concept systems on the basis of identified concepts and concept relations; –Establishing representations of concept systems through concept diagrams; –Crafting concept-oriented definitions; –Attributing designations (predominantly terms) to each concept in one or more languages; and, –Recording and presenting terminological data, principally in terminological entries stored in print and electronic media (terminography).

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Triadic models of meaning: The Semiotic/Semantic triangle Sign: Language/ Term/ Symbol Referent: Reality/ Object Reference: Concept / Sense / Model / View / Partition

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Requirements for (clinical) vocabularies (1) Domain completeness: coverage of all possible terms that lie within a vocabulary’s domain Non-vagueness: the term should represent the concept behind it as close as possible Non-ambiguity: the same term cannot refer to more than one concept Non-redundancy: each concept must be represented by one unique identifier (Cimino, 1989)

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Requirements for clinical vocabularies (2) Synonomy: multiple ways for expressing a word (or concept) must be allowed Multiple classification: concepts must be allowed to be classified in multiple hierarchies Consistency of view: concepts must have the same relationships in all views Explicit relationships: all relationships (e.g. class, synonymy,…) must be explicitly labelled.

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Aristotle’s triadic meaning model semeia gramma/ phoné pragma pathema Words spoken are signs or symbols (symbola) of affections or impressions (pathemata) of the soul (psyche); written words (graphomena) are the signs of words spoken (phoné). As writing (grammatta), so also is speech not the same for all races of men. But the mental affections themselves, of which these words are primarily signs (semeia), are the same for the whole of mankind, as are also the objects (pragmata) of which those affections are representations or likenesses, images, copies (homoiomata). Aristotle, 'On Interpretation', 1.16.a.4-9, Translated by Cooke & Tredennick, Loeb Classical Library, William Heinemann, London, UK, 1938.

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U An interesting sidestep: “understanding” “understanding”  Latin “substare” –literally: “to stand under” Websters Dictionary (1961) understanding = the power to render experience intelligible by bringing perceived particulars under appropriate concepts. “particulars” = what is NOT SAID of a subject (Aristotle) –substances: this patient, that tumor,... –qualities: the red of that patient’s skin, his body temperature, blood pressure,... –processes: that incision made by that surgeon, the rise of that patient’s temperature,... “concepts”: may be taken in the above definition as Aristotle’s “universals” = what is SAID OF a subject –Substantial concepts: patient, tumor,... –Quality concepts: white, temperature –...

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Richards’ semantic triangle Reference (“concept”): “indicates the realm of memory where recollections of past experiences and contexts occur”. Hence: as with Aristotle, the reference is “mind- related”: thought. But: not “the same for all”, rather individual mind- related symbolreferent reference understandingmy your understanding

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Don’t confuse with homonymy ! “mole” mole (animal) R1 mole (unit) R2 mole (skin lesion) R3

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Different thoughts Homonymy “ mole ” mole “ animal ” R1 mole “ unit ” R2 mole “ skin lesion ” R3 symbol referent understanding One reference of x understanding of y

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U And by the way, synonymy... the Aristotelian viewRichards’ view “perspiration” “sweat” “perspiration”

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Frege’s view “sense” is an objective feature of how words are used and not a thought or concept in somebody’s head 2 names with the same reference can have different senses (mst/ist) 2 names with the same sense have the same reference (synonyms) a name with a sense does not need to have a reference (“Beethoven’s 10 th symphony”) reference (=referent) sense name

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Ontology and the semantic triangle In Information Science: –“An ontology is a description (like a formal specification of a program) of the concepts and relationships that can exist for an agent or a community of agents.” In Philosophy: –“Ontology is the science of what is, of the kinds and structures of objects, properties, events, processes and relations in every area of reality.” reference termreferent

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U ‘Ontology’: the study of being as a science ‘An ontology’ is a representation of some pre-existing domain of reality which – (1) reflects the properties of the objects within its domain in such a way that there obtains a systematic correlation between reality and the representation itself, – (2) is intelligible to a domain expert – (3) is formalized in a way that allows it to support automatic information processing ‘ontological’ (as adjective): – Within an ontology. – Derived by applying the methodology of ontology –... Ontology

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Fundamental Activities of Terminology Work Identifying ‘concepts’ and ‘concept relations’; –Analyzing and modeling concept systems on the basis of identified concepts and concept relations; –Establishing representations of concept systems through concept diagrams; –Crafting concept-oriented definitions; –Attributing designations (predominantly terms) to each concept in one or more languages; and, –Recording and presenting terminological data, principally in terminological entries stored in print and electronic media (terminography). This is not the right approach to ontology !

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Reason for our rejection: The terminological View Objects perceived or conceived, concrete or abstract abstracted or conceptualized into concepts Concepts depict or correspond to a set of objects based on a defined set of characteristics represented or expressed in language by designations or by definitions organized into concept systems Designations represented as terms, names (appellations) or symbols designate or represent a concept attributed to a concept by consensus within a special language community Terminology is a tool for dealing with language, not one for representing reality. ?

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Limitation of terminology Concept-based terminology (and standardisation thereof) is there as a mechanism to improve understanding of messages by humans. It is NOT the right device –to explain why reality is what it is, how it is organised, etc., (although it is needed to allow communication), –to reason about reality, –to make machines understand what is real, –to integrate across different views, languages, conceptualisations,...

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Why not ? Does not take care of universals and particulars appropriately Concepts not necessarily correspond to something that (will) exist(ed) –Sorcerer, unicorn, leprechaun,... Definitions set the conditions under which terms may be used, and may not be abused as conditions an entity must satisfy to be what it is Language can make strings of words look as if it were terms –“Middle lobe of left lung” –“Kennedy’s second murderer”

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Peirce, Ogden & Richards, … Unit of Thinking (Concept) Designation (Symbol, Sign, Term, Formula etc.) Referent (Concrete Object, Real Thing, Conceived Object) (Unit of Thought, Unit of Knowledge) ~ Universal ??? Universal Particular

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Response (2) Suspectto doubt or mistrust. to believe to be the case or to be likely or probable; surmise. Victima living creature sacrificed in religious rites. a person who suffers from a destructive or injurious action or agency Interrogationto ask questions formally. to rule over. Investigationthe act or process of investigating or the condition of being investigated. a searching inquiry for ascertaining facts; detailed or careful examination. Evidencesomething that makes plain or clear; an indication or sign. data presented to a court or jury in proof of the facts in issue and which may include the testimony of witnesses, records, documents, or objects. Foul playunfair conduct in a game. any treacherous or unfair dealing, esp. involving murder. Triala person or thing that is a source of annoyance or irritation. the act or process of trying, testing, or putting to the proof. Jurya group of persons chosen to adjudge prizes, awards, etc., as in a competition. a group of persons sworn to render a verdict or true answer on a question or questions officially submitted to them. judge an administrative head of Israel in the period between the death of Joshua and the accession to the throne by Saul. a public officer authorized to hear and decide cases in a court of law; a magistrate charged with the administration of justice. Lawyeran interpreter of the Mosaic Law. a person whose profession is to represent clients in a court of law or to advise or act for clients in other legal matters. Witnessa person or thing that affords evidence. to see, hear, or know by personal presence and perception: to witness an accident. Weaponto supply or equip with a weapon or weapons. anything used against an opponent, adversary, or victim Dictionary.com

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Response (3) Suspect One who is suspected of something. One who is suspected of having committed a crime. Felon a wicked person. Someone who has committed a felony. Convicta person serving a prison sentence. A person proved or declared guilty of an offense. Accuseda person or persons charged in a court of law with a crime, offense. A defendant in a criminal proceeding Defendanta person, company, etc., against whom a claim or charge is brought in a court. A person or institution against whom an action is brought in a court of law; the person being sued or accused. Prisonera person who is confined in prison or kept in custody, esp. as the result of legal process. A person or thing that is deprived of liberty or kept in restraint. Inmatea person who dwells with others in the same house. A person who is confined in a prison, hospital, etc. Murderera person who commits murder. A criminal who commits homicide. Criminala person guilty or convicted of a crime. One that has committed or been legally convicted of a crime. Offendera person who transgresses moral or civil law. A person who offends, especially against the law No source given

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Response (5) Accusedthe person charged with committing the crime. AcquittedWhen the magistrate, judge or jury find that a person is not guilty of the crime. Adjournment during the Trial or HearingA break for morning tea or lunch or for ‘legal argument’ (see below) It can also mean when a trial is put off until another day. AdmissibleUsed to describe evidence that is allowed to be given in court. Arrestthe procedure where a person is taken into police custody to be charged with a criminal offence or to be brought before a court and must remain in police custody until they receive bail or until a court deals with their charges. Alleged offenderuntil a person is proved to be guilty of a crime; the person is an alleged offender. AppealTo take a case to a higher court in order to challenge a decision. The person who appeals is the appellant. Briefthe evidence in written form, including the charge(s), witness statements, photographs etc. that the prosecution intends to use to prove the case. Chargethe allegation that a person has committed a specific crime. Forensic EvidenceEvidence found where the crime happened, such as fingerprints, results of blood tests, DNA etc SentencingA range of penalties can be given during sentencing of a convicted offender including imprisonment, community service orders, good behavior bonds and fines. VerdictThe decision of a jury in a criminal trial. Victimthe person against whom a crime has been committed The Courtwise Dictionary

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Response (7) Predatora company that tries to take over another; a rapist, exploitive person or group; an animal that naturally preys on another. Criminal a person who has committed a crime. Intriguingto arose curiosity or interest Suspectto have an idea or impression of existence or idea without certain proof. Subhumannot worthy of human being, debased or depraved. Defendantindividual company or institution accused in the court of law. Bardsely, Marilyn, and Steve Huff. "Taylor Behl Murder Case." TruTV Crime Library. 2 Feb

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Response (9) Culpritperson who committed a crime, not necessarily convicted Criminalname given to a person after they have been convicted or committed a crime Accusedperson accused of a crime before they are convicted Delinquentperson accused of a crime or criminal behavior Convictname of a person after conviction Suspectperson being accused of a crime, before conviction or trial Offenderperson accused, before and after trial or conviction

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Response (10) Suspectsomeone who is under suspicion to think (a person etc) guilty Accuseda person or persons charged in a court of law with a crime, offense To make a charge of wrongdoing against another Perpetratorto commit To be responsible for; commit Detaineea person held in custody A person held in custody or confinement Lawbreakera person who breaks or violates the law someone who violates the law DelinquentA person who neglects or fails to do what law or duty requires a young offender Wrongdoera person who does wrong, esp. a sinner or transgressor One who does wrong, especially morally or ethically ArraignedTo call (an accused person) before a court to answer the charge made against him or her by indictment, information, or complaint. To call to account; accuse Culprita person or other agent guilty of or responsible for an offense or fault One charged with an offense or crime DefendantLaw. a person, company, etc., against whom a claim or charge is brought in a court The party against which an action is brought OffenderOne that offends, especially one that breaks a public law a person who transgresses moral or civil law GuiltyResponsible for or chargeable with a reprehensible act; deserving of blame; culpable Adjudged to have committed a crime Convicta person proved or declared guilty of an offense a person serving a prison sentence Prisonera person who is confined in prison or kept in custody, esp. as the result of legal process. anyone who has been captured and is held against his will as a criminal Felona person who has committed a felony someone who has committed a crime or has been legally convicted of a crime Criminala person guilty or convicted of a crime Guilty of crime Lexico Publishing Group Dictionary.com. January

New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics & Life Sciences R T U Response (ja) ALLEGEDdeclared or stated to be as described; asserted. declared but not proved ACCUSEDto charge with the fault, offense, or crime. a person or persons charged in a court of law with a crime, offense CRIMINALof the nature of or involving crime. guilty of crime. CULPRITa person or other agent guilty of or responsible for an offense or fault. a person arraigned for an offense. DEFENDANT a person, company, etc., against whom a claim or charge is brought in a court. The party against which an action is brought against. DELINQUENT failing in or neglectful of a duty or obligation; guilty of a misdeed or offense. Failing to do what law or duty requires. FELONa person who has committed a felony. an evil person. INCRIMATEto accuse of or present proof of a crime or fault. to involve in an accusation; cause to be or appear to be guilty. INCULPATEto charge with fault; blame; accuse. to involve in a charge; incriminate. LAWBREAKEROne who does not comply with the law. MOBSTERA member of a criminal gang or crime syndicate. a criminal who is a member of a group of other criminals. ROBBERTo take property from (a person) illegally by using or threatening to use violence or force. To take valuable or desired articles unlawfully SUSPECTto believe to be guilty, false, counterfeit, undesirable, defective, bad. To have doubts about; distrust. reference. com