Introduction to Shakespeare’s Macbeth John Worston, Macbeth and Banquo Meeting the Witches

Introduction to William Shakespeare’s Macbeth 4 The Meanings of Macbeth 4 Brief examination of the historical context of Macbeth 4 Witches and Witchcraft in Macbeth

The Many Meanings of Macbeth 4 A historical thriller –a fast-moving, action-packed murder mystery demonstrating that crime doesn’t pay 4 A psychological study of a murderer’s mind 4 A play of political and social realism –how oppressive and hierarchical society can corrupt individuals 4 A play of illusions –the effect of the mysterious or supernatural on humans 4 A play of ideas or themes –for example, “appearance versus reality” 4 A play about gender 4 A tragedy –the fall of a great person brought about by a fatal flaw in their character

Historical Context of Macbeth 4 Shakespeare was a playwright, not an historian. However, he knew that history provided great material for plays: war, conflict, ambition, the downfall of great rulers. 4 Eleventh-Century (1000s) Scotland was a violent and troubled country. 4 Feuding families and clans fought to control trade and territory. 4 The castle was the power base of each rival war-lord (thane). 4 Political murder and revenge killings were commonplace.

The Real Macbeth 4 The real Macbeth was born in 1005, the son of a ruling family. 4 Macbeth’s father was murdered by his cousin. 4 Macbeth married the granddaughter of the High King of Scotland (Gruach) Martin, Banquo and Macbeth on the Heath

The Real King Duncan and Macbeth 4 Duncan was the king of Scotland at the time the real Macbeth was born 4 Duncan was 38 at the time of his murder - a murder possibly committed by the real Macbeth. 4 Macbeth was elected High King of Scotland in Macbeth ruled Scotland for 17 years, during which time Scotland became comparatively peaceful and stable. 4 Duncan’s son, Malcolm, invaded Scotland in 1054, supported by Edward the Confessor. 4 Macbeth was killed on August 15, 1057 and buried at Iona, the sacred burial place of the Kings of Scotland.

What’s the take-away? 4 Shakespeare modeled his play after an actual historical figure. 4 Some of the plot points are the same. 4 But…the real Macbeth was (almost) universally loved and respected; Shakespeare’s Macbeth wasn’t.

James I Comes to Power 4 Since there was no successor to the English throne, Queen Elizabeth I selected James VI of Scotland (a distant cousin) to succeed her—he was already King of Scotland. 4 After Elizabeth’s death (1603), James VI of Scotland also became James I of England, unifying the two countries, though there was still controversy between them. 4 Macbeth contains many echoes of King James’ interests...

The Gunpowder Plot of A failed assassination attempt against King James! 4 Disgruntled Catholics planned to blow up the House of Lords. 4 Guy Fawkes was discovered guarding their horde of explosives in the basement of the House of Lords on November 5, (“Remember, remember the 5 th of November.”) 4 The traitors were sentenced to death, and this day is still celebrated in England as Guy Fawkes Day. 4 Shakespeare weaves references to the Gunpowder Plot into Macbeth. Was this rebellious?

Back to the play… Before the Curtain Opens: 4 When the play begins, there are two wars in progress: 1. Civil War in Scotland- King Duncan vs. Macdonwald’s (a thane’s) rebels 2. National War - Scotland, led by King Duncan, against invading Norway

*Brain Break!* 4 Stand up at your seat. Your task: organize yourselves in line from youngest to oldest. 4 The trick: you must remain silent! You have exactly 4 minutes to complete the task. Go!

Quick Review 4 The “real” Macbeth: –Killed king, became king, succeeded, was murdered by King’s son 4 James I from Scotland –Follows Elizabeth I –Gunpowder Plot: assassination plot –Was Macbeth written for him?

A Macbeth for King James? 4 Banquo (pictured at right) –an elaborate family tree of the Stuart dynasty suggests that King James is descended from a real Banquo (Holinshed). Henry Fuseli, Macbeth, Banquo and the Witches on the Heath

Modern Associations with Witches?

A Macbeth for King James? 4 King James’ interest in witchcraft was well known 4 King James visited Oxford in 1605 and was greeted by three witches who hailed him as the descendent of Banquo... interesting. Alexandre-Marie Colin, The Three Witches from Macbeth

Witches & Witchcraft 4 Witch-mania inthe Elizabethan era. 4 Most people believed in witches! 4 Circulating pamphlets containing tales of witches and witchcraft were the equivalent of today’s popular newspapers. Henry Fuseli, The Three Witches

Witches and Witchcraft 4 Witches were said to have “diabolical” powers. They could: –predict the future –bring on night in the daytime –cause fogs and tempests –kill animals –curse enemies with fatal, wasting diseases –cause nightmares and sterility –take demonic possession of any individual –raise evil spirits by concocting a brew 4 It was believed that witches allowed the devil to suck their blood. Accused witches were examined for the “Devil’s Mark” - a red mark on their body from which the devil had sucked blood.

Witches and Witchcraft - Misogyny? 4 Between 1560 and 1603, hundreds of people, nearly all of them women, were convicted as witches and executed 4 In 1604 an official Act of Parliament decreed that anyone found guilty of practicing witchcraft should be executed 4 Those who confessed to being witches did so under torture or because they were in the grip of delusions recognized today as psychiatric disorders.

4 What would Macbeth’s audience have thought about the witches?

beginning Macbeth... 4 Trance –“look how our partner’s rapt” 4 Changed Appearance –“why do you make such faces” 4 Inability to Pray –“ “Amen” stuck in my throat” 4 Visions –“Is this a dagger I see before me?” 4 Disturbed Behaviour –“I have a strange infirmity” 4 Lack of Fear –“I have almost forgot the taste of fears” 4 Indifference to Life –“She should have died hereafter” 4 Invitations to evil spirits –“Come, you spirits”