Baltimore Polytechnic Institute January 5, 2016 A/A.P. U.S. History Mr. Green

Objectives: Describe the political corruption of the Grant administration and the mostly unsuccessful efforts to reform politics in the Gilded Age. Describe the economic crisis of the 1870s, and explain the growing conflict between hard-money and soft-money advocates. Explain the intense political partisanship of the Gilded Age, despite the parties’ lack of ideological difference and poor quality of political leadership. AP Focus The post–Civil War era is rife with corruption, graft, and influence- peddling. Corruption is rampant at the local and state levels as well. The infamous New York City political party machine, known as the Tweed Ring, for example, bilks the city and state out of millions of dollars. In an attempt to clean their own house, the Republicans take steps to lower the protective tariff, which many consider unreasonably high and beneficial to specific industries. In addition, to address the problem of nepotism and favoritism in attaining government employment, the Republicans pass modest civil-service reform legislation, such as the Pendleton Act.

CHAPTER THEMES Even as post–Civil War America expanded and industrialized, political life in the Gilded Age was marked by ineptitude, stalemate, and corruption. Despite their similarity at the national level, the two parties competed fiercely for offices and spoils, while doling out “pork-barrel” benefits to veterans and other special interest groups. The serious issues of monetary and agrarian reform, labor, race, and economic fairness were largely swept under the rug by the political system, until revolting farmers and a major economic depression beginning in 1893 created a growing sense of crisis and demands for radical change.

Election Chart by Friday 5QQ Chapter 23 on Wednesday

As a result of farmers with high debt, they demanded cheap money/soft money greenbacks-issued during the civil war inflation would wipe out their debt Problem: Creditors wanted deflation to make the most profit on loaning money Grant convinced to support hard money, or money backed by gold Farmers then supported silver to back money since it was cheaper than gold Contraction-deflationary effect

Coined by Mark Twain in 1873 Close Presidential elections House of Representatives switched 6 times between High voter turnout-straight ticket voting Patronage was the lifeblood of the parties Stalwarts-Roscoe Conkling, U.S. Senator from NY James G. Blaine-Maine Fought over who controlled the spoils

Republicans-Rutherford B. Hayes, Ohio Gov Democrat-Samuel Tilden, prosecuted Tweed Tilden won the popular vote and had 184 electoral votes 4,284,020 to 4,036, electoral votes un-certified States sent two sets of returns, 1 Democratic and 1 Republican Electoral Count Act Decided 3 days before inauguration Compromise of 1877-Federal troops removed from the 2 states they remained-Louisiana and S.Carolina Civil Rights Act of 1875-equal accommodation in public places and jury selections. Most ruled unconstitutional in Only the government was prohibited from discrimination

“Crop-lien” storekeepers gave credit to blacks and poor whites for a lien on their harvests. Jim Crow laws legal codes of segregation literacy requirements voter registration laws poll taxes Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) record number of lynchings in 1890’s

Railroad strike of 1877 Hayes called in the federal troops Workers did not bode well in the railroad strike Irish v. Chinese Chinese men laid track and dug for gold, many returned to China Those that stayed experienced difficulty, no women, no kids Denis Kearney, Irishman that led attacks on the Chinese in San Francisco Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

Republicans: James Garfield, Ohio Democrats Winfield Scott Hancock Garfield won electoral vote ,453,295 to 4,414,082 Garfield shot by Charles J. Guiteau over patronage Arthur was a Stalwart and went against their cronyism Pendleton Act of 1883

Republicans-James G. Blaine Democrats-Grover Cleveland Some Republicans left for the Democratic party 219 to 182 Electoral vote 4,879,507 to 4,850,293 Blaine blundered in NY

1 st Democrat in 24 years Supporter of laissez-faire Vetoed a bill to provide seeds for drought- ravaged Texas farmers Vetoed many Civil War pension bills carefully due to benefits to many that did not serve in the Civil War

High tariffs remained after the Civil War Treasury kept running surpluses Cleveland proposed an appeal for lower tariffs in late election loomed Republicans nominated Benjamin Harrison Democrats nominated Grover Cleveland Republicans went to big business for donations as a result of the Pendleton Act-outlawed government workers from forced donations from their checks to political candidates Cleveland won the popular vote, but lost the electoral vote, 233 to 168

1 st congress to appropriate a billion dollars Pensions to Civil War Vets Government purchased silver McKinley Tariff Act of 1890-highest peacetime rates ever-48.4% Forced farmers to buy high priced American goods Farmers had to sell in an unprotected market McKinley even lost in the mid-terms of 1890 to angry rural voters

1892 Populist Party forms Platform: 1. inflation-unlimited coinage of silver 2. graduated income tax 3. state ownership of railroads, telegraph, and telephone 4. direct election of U.S. senators 5. 1 term limit on President 6. initiative and referendum 7. Shorter work day 8. immigration restriction Nominated James B. Weaver for president in 1892

Homestead Strike-1892 Carnegies plant near Pittsburgh Steelworkers angry over pay cuts Troops broke the strike and the union Populist party in 1892 gained 22 electoral votes and 1,029,846 popular votes Blacks denied the vote in the South, and coupled with racial tones, the Populist Party did not fare well in the South. Grandfather clauses used to exempt whites from taxes/literacy tests

Cleveland wins in 1892 Depression of long years soft money hurt the U.S. credit rating when European banks called in loans from the U.S. William Jennings Bryan emerged as the soft money leader Gold was flying out of the Treasury as people cashed in legal tender for silver it bought Notes had to be reissued Cleveland turned to J.P. Morgan to lend the government $65 million in gold

Wilson-Gorman Tariff in 1894 loaded with special interest, it did not dent the McKinley Tariff rates Cleveland pocket vetoed the bill with a 2% income tax on $4,000

 Continue Reading Chapter 23  5QQ on Thursday  1870s Decade chart due on Thursday