Texts in Contexts Bible Versions, Contents, Transmission Dieter Mitternacht Codex Sinaiticus (  ) c c. 125 CE Recto John 18:31-33 Verso John 18:37-38

Texts in Contexts Bible Versions, Contents, Transmission Dieter Mitternacht The Christian Bible (Old and New Testament) Collection of at least 66 different writings Writing time span of at least 1000 years Many authors from various backgrounds, some known, some unknown Various literary genres  Historical, biographical and folkloric stories  Love poetry, proverbs, prayers  Philosophical reflection and dialogue  Real and literary letters  Apocalyptic and symbolic “revelations” Various purposes and agendas  Encouraging and polemical  Documentary and theological  Situational and personal (Pauline Letters)  General and (Hebrews, James, 2 Peter, Gospels, etc.) Integrated as “Holy writ”  Canonical coherence  Regula fide (rule of faith)  Internal critical dialogue – “God wants us to think and take responsibility”

Texts in Contexts Bible Versions, Contents, Transmission Dieter Mitternacht The Christian Bible (Old and New Testament) Tanak = Hebrew Bible (~ Old Testament) 5 books of Moses (Torah) Prophets (Nevi’im) Writings (Ketuvim) Genesis (Bereshít) In the beginning Exodus (Shemót) (These are) the names Leviticus (Wajjiqrá) (The Lord) called Numeri (Bemidbár) In the desert Deuteronomy (Devarím) These are the words The former Joshua, Judges, Samuel, Kings The latter Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel The Twelve Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zachariah, Malachi Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Salomon, Ecclesiastes Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah, Chronicles

Texts in Contexts Bible Versions, Contents, Transmission Dieter Mitternacht 17 Historical books5 Books of Wisdom, Poetry and Prayer 17 Prophetic books 5 Books of Torah 12 Books of History 5 poetic book 5 Major Prophets 12 Minor Prophets Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numeri Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 Samuel 2 Samuel 1 Kings 2 Kings 1 Chronicles 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Solomon Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zachariah Malachi The Christian Bible (Old and New Testament) OT - Three major genres symmetric arrangement, 39 books

Texts in Contexts Bible Versions, Contents, Transmission Dieter Mitternacht Exile Genesis Exodus Numbers Joshua Judges 1 Samuel 2 Samuel 1 Kings 2 Kings Ezra Nehemiah 1 Maccabees 2 Chronicles 1 Chronicles LeviticusDeuteronomyRuth Tobit Esther Judith 2 Maccabees JobPsalmsProverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Ezekiel Daniel Baruch Haggai Zechariah MalachiSirach Wisdom To Israel Hosea Amos To Judah Habakkuk Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Joel Micah Zephaniah To Assyria Jonah Nahum To Edom Obadjah The Christian Bible (Old and New Testament) OT - arranged according to story chronology with apocrypha = 46 books

Texts in Contexts Bible Versions, Contents, Transmission Dieter Mitternacht TanakLXX (~200 BCE)Vulgate (~400 CE) Torah 5 books of Moses (Bereshít, Shemót, Wajjiqrá, Bemidbár, Devarím) Prophets (Nevi’im) The former Joshua, Judges Samuel (one book) Kings (one book) The latter Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel The Twelve (one book): Hosea, Joel Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zachariah Malachi Writings (Ketuvim) Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Salomon, Ecclesiastes Lamentations, Esther, Daniel Ezra-Nehemiah (one book) Chronicles (one book) Historical books 5 books of Moses (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numeri, Deuteronomy) Joshua, Judges, Ruth Kings (=1+2 Sam) Kings (=1+2 Kings) Chronicles (incl. Manassas’ prayer) 1 Esdras 2 Esdras (= Ezra, Nehemiah) Poetic books Psalms(+151), Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Job, Wisdom of Salomon, Wisdom of Jesus Sirach Esther (with additions), Judith, Tobit, Prophets Hosea, Amos, Micah, Joel, Obadiah, Jonah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zachariah, Malachi Isaiah, Jeremiah, Baruch, Lamentations, Jeremiah's letter, Ezekiel, Daniel (+Susanna, Bel and the Dragon) Maccabees Maccabees Historical books 5 books of Moses (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numeri, Deuteronomy) Joshua, Judges, Ruth Samuel (one book) Kings (one book) Chronicles (one book) Ezra (=Ezra, Nehemiah) Tobit, Judith, Ester, Job Poetic books Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Wisdom of Salomon, Wisdom of Jesus Sirach Prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Baruch, Ezekiel, Daniel The Twelve (one book): Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zachariah, Malachi Additions Manassas’ prayer, Ezra, Psalm 151 The Christian Bible (Old and New Testament) Versions of the Bible

Texts in Contexts Bible Versions, Contents, Transmission Dieter Mitternacht TanakProtestant OTCatholic OTOrthodox OT Torah 5 books of Moses (Bereshít, Shemót, Wajjiqrá, Bemidbár, Devarím) Prophets (Nevi’im) The early Joshua, Judges, Samuel (one book), Kings (one book) The latter Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, The Twelve (one book): Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zachariah, Malachi Writings (Ketuvim) Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ruth, Song of Salomon, Ecclesiastes, Lamentations, Esther, Daniel, Ezra-Nehemiah (one book), Chronicles (one book) Pentateuch 5 books of Moses (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numeri, Deuteronomy) Historical books Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Samuel 1+ 2 Kings Chronicles Ezra, Nehemiah Esther Poetic books Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Prophets Major: Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Ezekiel, Daniel Minor: Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zachariah, Malachi Separate section Tobit, Judit, Ester (greek text) Maccabées Wisdom of Salomon Wisdom of Jesus Syrach Baruch, Jeremiah’s letter, Add. to Daniel, Susannah, Asarja’s prayer, Song of the three men, Bel and the Dragon, Manassah’s prayer. Pentateuch 5 books of Moses (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numeri, Deuteronomy) Historical books Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Samuel 1+ 2 Kings Chronicles Ezra, Nehemiah Tobit, Judith, Esther (with add.) Maccabées Poetic books Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Wisdom of Salomon Wisdom of Jesus Syrach Prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Baruch, Jeremiah’s letter Ezekiel, Daniel Susannah, Asarja’s prayer, Song of the three men, Bel and the Dragon, Manassah’s prayer Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zachariah, Malachi Pentateuch 5 books of Moses (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numeri, Deuteronomy) Historical books Joshua, Judges, Ruth, Kings Kings Chronicles Ezra, Nehemiah 1 Esdras 2 Esdras (= Esra, Nehemja)(!) Ester (with add.), Tobit, Judit 1,2 and 3 Maccabées Poetic books Psalms(+151), Manassah’s prayer, Job, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Solomon, Wisdom of Salomo, Wisdom of Jesus Sirach Prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, Lamentations, Baruch, Jeremiah’s letter Ezekiel, Daniel Susannah, Asarja’s prayer, Song of the three men, Bel and the Dragon, Manassah’s prayer Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habakkuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zachariah, Malachi Separate section 4 Maccabées The Christian Bible (Old and New Testament) Versions of the Bible

Texts in Contexts Bible Versions, Contents, Transmission Dieter Mitternacht Tobit Judith Additions to Esther Wisdom of Solomon Sirach, also called Ben Sira or Ecclesiasticus Baruch, including the Letter of Jeremiah (Additions to Jeremiah in the Septuagint) Additions to Daniel: Song of the Three Children (in Vulgate = Daniel 3:24-90) Story of Susanna (in Vulgate = Daniel 13, Septuagint prologue) Bel and the Dragon (in Vulgate = Daniel 14, in Septuagint = Epilogue) 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees The Christian Bible (Old and New Testament) Old Testament Apocrypha or Deutero-canonical writings Closely related texts Old Testament Pseudepigrapha Mishnah, Tosefta, etc. Traditions of the Fathers, etc. “You have heard that it was said …” (Matt 5), see also Gal 1:14,

Texts in Contexts Bible Versions, Contents, Transmission Dieter Mitternacht The New Testament A.Anthropological Dimension The New Testament texts were written by human beings with specific and limited understandings of God, the divine, history, and future the world, politics and social institutions cultural and religious identity and diversity Thus, among the writers of the NT we find differences of opinions and interpretations on theology and ethics Jesus and salvation law and grace how to handle conflicts; etc. B.Historical Dimension The NT texts belong within the context of the first Century Mediterranean World and share the limitations of language, grammar and vocabulary share the symbolic word of their time and geographical location serve as sources of the history and context of the times

Texts in Contexts Bible Versions, Contents, Transmission Dieter Mitternacht The New Testament A.Anthropological Dimension B.Historical Dimension C.Literary dimension The New Testament is a collection of divergent literary compositions Each literary composition has its own voice Each Gospel has ”a story of Jesus to tell” Each letter has intended recipients Each text addresses specific circumstances Each document belongs to a particular genre with conventions and principles of communication, e.g bioi, epistolary conventions D.Religious Dimension The New Testament is a record of religious experience of human authors who respond to what they perceive as ultimate power, with their mind, body, will and feeling. reflects a religious way of life by means of myth, ritual, doctrine, and moral behavior. arises from and addresses adherers of a religious movement. is written by individuals who claim authority for their understanding of God, salvation and demand compliance.

Texts in Contexts Bible Versions, Contents, Transmission Dieter Mitternacht GospelsPauline LettersOther letters Matthew Mark Luke John Undisputed Romans 1 & 2 Corinthians Galatians Philippians Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John History1 Thessalonians2 John ActsPhilemon Disputed 3 John Jude EphesiansApocalyptic writing Colossians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Revelation The New Testament Listed in the order as published, 27 books

Texts in Contexts Bible Versions, Contents, Transmission Dieter Mitternacht Acts (Luke) Acts (Luke) Revelation 4 Gospels (47%)1 History (13%)19 Letters (32%)1 Apocalypse (8%) Luke (30%) Matthew (28%) John (23%) Mark (19%) 13 Pauline (69%) (23% total) 13 Pauline (69%) (23% total) Hebrews (11%) 3 Johannine James, 2 Petrine Judas, 20% 3 Johannine James, 2 Petrine Judas, 20% The New Testament Graphed according to type and size, 27 books

Texts in Contexts Bible Versions, Contents, Transmission Dieter Mitternacht 1 Thess (~50) Gal (54) 1, 2 Cor (55-57) Rom (56-58) Phil (~60) Philem (58-62) Col (58-62)? 2 Thess (98)? Eph (98)? 1 Tim ( ) 2 Tim ( )? Tit ( ) Undisputed Pauline letters Mark Matthew Luke-Acts Hebrews 1 Peter John Disputed Pauline Letters Other letters Revelation Disputed Pauline Letters 2 Peter 2 Peter ( ) Synoptics CE7030 Oral tradition The New Testament Graphed according to chronology of writing, 27 books