Intro to Memory & Encoding. Name the Seven Dwarves Take out a piece of paper.

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Presentation transcript:

Intro to Memory & Encoding

Name the Seven Dwarves Take out a piece of paper

Now pick out the seven dwarves. Turn your paper over. Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy Droopy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy

Seven Dwarves Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

3 Parts to Memory: Encoding – forming a memory code. Storage – maintaining encoded info over time. Retrieval – recovering info from storage. Forgetting = failure of any of the three "tip-of-the-tongue“ phenomenon

Encoding Example Typing info into a computer Getting a girl’s name at a party

Storage Example Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info. Trying to remember her name when you leave the party.

Retrieval Example Finding your document and opening it up. Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure).

Encoding – getting info into memory Encoding: active encoding is highly important in memory (name forgetting, "next in line" effect). Common Cents Common Cents Attention: focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli. – Filter (early during sensory input or late after processing) – Cocktail party effect – selective attention Cocktail party effect – difficult to focus on two or more inputs – divided attention = decrease in memory/task performance (i.e. texting/talking and driving)

Levels of Processing: "how" people attend to info (Craik and Lockhart 1972) 1.(Shallow) Structural encoding: physical structure (ex. capitalization, # of letters) 2.(Intermediate) Phonemic encoding: sound of words (ex. Naming or saying words, silently?) 3.(Deep) Semantic encoding: meaning of words Levels of Processing Theory: deeper levels of processing result in longer lasting memory codes.

Other Ways of Enriching Encoding Elaboration - linking a stimulus to other info at time of encoding Visual Imagery (easier for concrete objects rather than abstract)*** – Paivio: dual-coding theory: 2 codes are better than one, visual + semantic = enhanced Self-Referent Encoding - deciding how/whether info is personally relevant MTR – Motivation to Remember

Spacing Effect We encode better when we study or practice over time. DO NOT CRAM!!!!!

List the U.S. Presidents in the best order that you can. If you can’t, just list the ones you know With the closest person beside you….

The Presidents WashingtonTaylorHarrisonEisenhower J.AdamsFillmoreClevelandKennedy JeffersonPierceMcKinleyL.Johnson MadisonBuchananT.RooseveltNixon MonroeLincolnTaftFord JQ AdamsA.JohnsonWilsonCarter JacksonGrantHardingReagan Van BurenHayesCoolidgeBush (elder) HarrisonGarfieldHooverClinton TylerArthurFD.RooseveltBush (younger) PolkClevelandTrumanObama

Serial Positioning Effect Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. If we graph an “average person remembers” presidential list, it would probably look something like this. Presidents Recalled

Incredible Feats of Memory cM0&feature=related cM0&feature=related Memory Encoding ngk ngk

The context is kite flying