A metalic di- or trivalent transition element An essential constituent of hemoglobin and myoglobin → store and transport oxygen hemoglobin : red blood cell myoglobin : muscle tissue Part of various enzyme

Essential cofactor of : Oxygen transport Respiration Amino acid Lipid Alcohol Vitamin A Sulfite metabolism Various other redox reaction

A metallic, divalent transition element Essential for the activation of numerous genes Vegetarian, pregnant or breastfeeding women need slightly more The ‘Macho Mineral ‘ the largest quantities of zink in the male human body in the testes ~ testosterone – to produce plentiful healthy, viable sperm

F U N C T I O N : Protect nerve and brain tissue Bolsters the immune system Essential for healthy growth Part of enzymes and hormones (such as insulin) S O U R C E S : Oysters, other shellfish, eggs and meat

A transition metal An antioxidant found in enzymes that deactivates free radicals Assists the body to employ iron Slowing the aging process by decreasing the incidence of protein glycation → bone loss, high cholesterol, cardiac abnormalities -People with diabetic → loss of vision

Function Essential for energy metabolism (cellular respiration) Brain function (neurotransmitter regulation) Soft tissue and bone (collagen synthesis) Nutrient metabolism (especially iron) For antioxidant defense against free radicals

In addition, copper : –promotes the growth of strong bones –promotes the health of nerve tissues –prevents your hair from turning gray prematurely

A component of the thyroid hormones thyroxin and triiodothyronine - help regulate cell activities - essential for protein synthesis - tissue growth (the formation of healthy nerves and bones) - reproduction

Deficiency A lack of iodine cause : –Spontaneous abortion and birth defects –Impairs irreversibly brain and physical development in the fetus and young children –Mild to severe mental retardation –Hearing loss –Paralysis leg –Older children and adult → excessive growth of the thyroid gland (goiter), slows metabolic rate, mental and cardiac function and induces a feeling of fatigue and cold intolerance

A transition metal Essential for several enzyme to metabolize fat A necessary partner for Glucose Tolerance Factor (a group of chemical that enables insulin to regulate of glucose utilization) Cr alone binds to nuclear DNA and increases the number of initiation sites for RNA synthesis Sources : nut, whole grains, yeast and cheese

A transition metal with potential valences +2, +3 and +7 In glands (pituitary, mammary, pancreas), organs (liver, kidneys, intestines); and bones Sources : Whole grains, sweet potatoes, cereal products, fruit and vegetables(spinach), tea

FUNCTION An essential constituent of the enzymes that metabolize carbohydrates, protein digestion and metabolism, synthesize fats (cholesterol), biotin function, cartilage regeneration and free radical defense Important for a healthy reproductive system During pregnancy, manganese speeds the proper growth of fetal tissue, particularly bones and cartilage

A transition element with valences 2,3,4,5 or 6 Humans need amount of Mo for metabolism protein, sulfite, nucleic acids, aldehydes and taurine Have a role in function of glucocorticoid hormones and immune defense Sources : beans, grains, leavy vegetables, milk and cheese

FUNCTION : A cofactor for enzymes and proteins with vital importance in : –Antioxidant defense –Thyroid hormones and insulin function –Regulation of cell growth –Maintenance of fertility

- A metallic transition element - A part of vitamin B12 - Function : -An essential cofactor ~ regulation of translation - A constituent of an oxygen sensor

A strict vegetarian : Fe, Ca (soybean milk fortified with Ca, orange juice with added Ca) Live inland, away from the ocean A man and a woman Pregnant and Breast Feeding (Ca, P, Mg,Fe, Zn and Selenium) Menopause