Addition by: DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011

Newcastle Disease Addition by: DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011

Other name exotic newcastle disease, pseudo- fowl pest, pseudovogel-pest, atypical geflugelpest, pseudo-poultry plague, avian pest, avian distemper, Ranked disease, Tetelo disease, Korean fowl plague, and avian pneumoencephalitis Addition by: DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Overview Organism Economic Impact Epidemiology Transmission Clinical signs & post mortem lesions Diagnosis and Treatment Prevention and Control

The Organism Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Booshehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Newcastle Disease Family Paramyxoviridae −G−Genus Avulavirus 9 serotypes APMV-1 to APMV-9 Newcastle disease is APMV-1

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Newcastle Disease Four pathotypes: −A−Asymptomatic enteric - Subclinical −L−Lentogenic (Hitchner) SSubclinical to mild respiratory −M−Mesogenic (Beaude form) RRespiratory or neurological −V−Velogenic NNeurotropic: Respiratory or neurological( NVND ) VVicerotropic: Hemorrhagic intestinal lesions( VVND )

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Newcastle Disease vND: virulent Newcastle Disease −I−Includes:  Mesogenic  Velogenic neurotropic elogenic viscerotropic

History Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 History 1926 −J−Java, Indonesia −N−Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England Probable earlier outbreaks in Central Europe 1896: Western Scotland, cause of death of all chickens? 4 panzootics from 1926 to 1981

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 History in U.S. 1950: First U.S. case −P−Partridges and pheasants imported from Hong Kong : California outbreak −1−1,321 infected and exposed flocks −1−12 million birds destroyed −$−$56 million dollar cost to tax payers Outbreaks in the U.S. −D−Due to illegal importation of exotic birds and poultry −1−1329 First IRAN case

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 History in U.S : California outbreak − 2,662 premises depopulated − 4 million birds destroyed − $160 million dollar cost

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Economic Impact Global economic impact enormous −M−More costly than any other animal virus? −C−Continued control measures expensive −R−Repeated testing for trade purposes

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Economic Impact Developing countries − Effects quality and quantity of dietary protein − Significant effect on human health

Epidemiology Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Booshehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Geographic Distribution Endemic −A−Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Central and South America Vaccine use makes assessment of true geographical distribution difficult International monitoring −B−By the FAO and OIE

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Morbidity/Mortality Morbidity: Up to 100% Mortality: 90% Varies greatly depending on −V−Virulence and strain −A−Avian species and susceptibility of host −E−Environmental conditions −S−Secondary infections −V−Vaccination history Some species show few or no signs −C−Carrier state may exist

Transmission Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Bushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Animal Transmission Direct contact with feces and respiratory discharges Contamination of the environment −F−Feed, water −E−Equipment −H−Human clothing −C−Contaminated or incompletely inactivated vaccines

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Bushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Animal Transmission Survives for long periods in the environment Incubation period: 2-15 days −5−5-6 days average Migratory birds, feral pigeons −C−Contamination of poultry feed

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Bushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Human Transmission Mild conjunctivitis −V−Virus shed in ocular secretions for 4-7 days −A−Avoid contact with avian species during this time Lab workers and vaccination crews most at risk No cases from handling or consuming poultry products No human-to-human spread

Animals and Virulent Newcastle Disease Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boshehr veterinary management Jan 2011

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boshehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Clinical Signs Drop in egg production and discoloring Numerous deaths within hours Deaths continue for 7-10 days

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Bushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Clinical Signs Edema of head, especially around eyes Greenish-dark watery diarrhea Respiratory and neurological signs Signs vary with species and virulence

Neurological signs: muscle tremors, drooping wings, dragging legs, twisting of the head and neck, opistotonus, depression, inappetence, or complete paralysis muscle tremorsdrooping wings dragging legstwistingopistotonusdepression inappetenceparalysis Addition by DVM -Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Post Mortem Lesions Indistinguishable from highly pathogenic avian influenza Hemorrhagic internal lesions − Tracheal mucosa Tracheal − Proventriculus Proventriculus − Intestinal mucosa Intestinal

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Post Mortem Lesions Edema of the head and neckheadneck Edema, hemorrhage, necrosis or ulceration of lymphoid tissuelymphoid tissue Lesions vary with species and virulence

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Differential Diagnosis Highly pathogenic avian influenza Fowl cholera Laryngotracheitis Coryza Fowl pox (diphtheritic form) Psittacosis or Pacheco’s disease Mycoplasmosis Infectious bronchitis Management problems − Water or feed deprivation − Poor ventilation

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Clinical Diagnosis Sudden decrease in egg production High morbidity and mortality Characteristic signs and gross lesions

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Sampling Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper authorities should be contacted Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease Samples may be zoonotic

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Diagnosis Laboratory Tests −V−Virus isolation −V−Virus characterization TTo determine virus strain and pathogenicity −S−Serology NNo strain information, so limited value MMay be used post-vaccinal to confirm immune response

Newcastle Disease in Humans Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Clinical Signs in Humans Eye infections −R−Reddening, excessive tearing, edema of lids, conjunctivitis, subconjunctival hemorrhage −U−Usually transient, cornea not affected −L−Lab workers and vaccination crews most susceptible −N−No human to human spread

Prevention and Control Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Recommended Actions Notification of Authorities Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC) −S−State veterinarian Quarantine all suspect animals and the premises

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Recommended Actions Confirmatory diagnosis Depopulation may occur −P−Proper destruction of EExposed cadavers LLitter AAnimal products

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Control and Eradication Disinfection of premises Delay re-introduction of new birds for 30 days Control insects and mice Limit human traffic

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Disinfection Virus killed by: −H−Householdbleach, 6% −E−Extremes in pH LLess than 2 or greater than 12 −H−Heat BBoiling one minute −D−Detergents −D−Dryness −U−Ultraviolet light and sunlight

Addition by DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Vaccination Vaccination routine worldwide Reduces clinical signs Does not prevent virus replication or shedding Not an alternative to good management, biosecurity or good hygiene in rearing practices

Addition by: DVM - Abdol majid kosari nejad Province Boushehr veterinary management Jan 2011 Thanks for your attention