Traditional Farming Methods 1.List all of the MACHINES in the picture. 2.How many POWER SOURCES are in the picture? 3.What SOCIAL CLASSES are represented here? 4.Using the picture, write a sentence describing life before industrialization.

How did the world go from this?

To this?

Industrialization Industrialization The golf links lie so near the mill That almost every day The laboring children can look out And see the men at play. (Sara Cleghorn) 1.What does the quotation mean? 2.Does it apply to today? How?

Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution started around 1750 in England It was a period of time when machines and people were brought together for work

Factory System System where people and machines worked together to produce more than they could at home.

TEXTILE MILL

Interchangeable parts had 3 major advantages: 1) Sped up production, items could be mass produced

2) Repairs are easier on items, can replace one part 3) Allowed the use of more unskilled labor for lower salary

Division of Labor Where one person did only one job on a project to help complete the project. Like a “sandwich shop” or “assembly line”

The “HANDS” The Hands was a nickname given to factory workers by the owners of the factories. They were thought of as human machines, not people.

New Inventions Spinning Jenny: a spinning wheel improved by James Hargreaves in 1768

New Inventions Steam Engine: Used to power factories. Improved by James Watt in 1785

James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention Watt’s improved steam engine was the foremost energy source in the emerging Industrial Revolution, and greatly multiplied its productive capacity.

James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention Watt radically transformed the world from an agricultural society into an industrial one. Through Watt’s invention of the first practical steam engine, our modern world eventually moved from a 90% rural basis to a 90% urban basis.

James Watt’s Steam Engine Improved steam engines led to improved systems for transporting people and factory goods.

New Inventions Cotton Gin: Invented by Eli Whitney. Removes cotton seeds from plants faster. 1793

New Inventions Steam Locomotives: Improves travel and transportation st passenger train

ROBERT FULTON – given credit for creating the first steamboat – speeds up transportation

FULTON’s Steamboat – THE clermont

New Inventions Wire Telegraphs: Messages to be sent from city to city in minutes instead of days.

ORIGINAL TELEGRAPH MACHINE

SAMUEL F.B. MORSE – improves the telegraph in 1844, speeds up communication

Sources of Power Water wheel: Used water to turn a wheel that powered factories.

New sources of Power Coal: Used to power steam engines. There was a lot of it in England Steam Power: Made it easier to transport more materials to factories and products to markets.

Urbanization Was the growth and development of newer and bigger cities.

An Industrial Town

Urbanization In the mid 1700s, more than 80% of the population of Britain lived and worked on farms. Between 1750 and 1851, displaced farming families moved to the cities to work in the new factories.

Urban Living Conditions Factory owners rushed to build housing Back to back row houses Several people in very small spaces Poor sanitation High disease rates Crime Massive pollution

Urban Living Conditions CITYGENTRY TRADESPEOPLELABORERS Rutland Truro Derby Manchester Bethnal Green Liverpool Average Age at Death for Different Classes Rutland – agricultural area in central England

Women and Children in the Industrial Revolution 36

What lead to women workers? Industrial Revolution was fueled by the economic need of many women, single and married, to find paid work outside their home. Single women wanted wages and a higher standard of living. Married women needed help supporting large families. 37

What lead to children workers? Orphaned children were placed with factories for “apprenticeships” at young ages Factories were to feed, clothe, and educate them- They didn’t always! Children in lower income families had to work to help pay the family’s bills Children as young as six worked in factories 38

Where did they work? Textile Factories Coal Mines Domestic Services (maids, nannies, cooks) Textile Detailing (often done at home) 39

Wages Women received on average half of what men received for the same work. Men often were supervisors to large groups of female workers. Since it was cheaper to hire women, there were more women in industrial jobs than men. Even cheaper for factories to hire children, so many children were employed in textiles. 40

Child Labor Children shifted from farm work to factory work. 12 – 14 hour days 6 day weeks Lower wages than adults. Began at age 5. Mining work deformed bodies.

Child Labor As concerns about the welfare of children rose in mid 1800s, Parliament held investigations into working conditions. New laws and new labor unions improved conditions.

Opposition Women did not have time to complete chores at home, take care of children, and keep a job Working conditions were dangerous including heavy lifting and machinery Children were not being properly educated or taken care of by their factory owners Hours ranged from 12 hours a day to 18 hours a day Factories were not properly ventilated and people developed breathing problems 44

Discussion Questions Why were women and children not treated equally in the work force? Do you believe child labor still exists in the world today? Why or why not? Have women and men become equal in the work force in the United States? Do they still have different types of jobs? 45

Overworked and Underpaid 46

Young girl in the factory

Factory Children

Scavengers at work on looms

Children working in a textile mill

Crippled Children

Children fighting for food

Thomas Savage – ran away from factory - put in prison

Major Reform/ Changes 1802 Health and Morals of Apprentices Act- children had to be properly clothed and educated 1844 Factory Act- women and children were not allowed to work more than 12 hours a day, children under 13 were not allowed to work more than 6 ½ hours a day 1847 Factory Act- women and children were not allowed to work more than 10 hours a day 1878 Factory Act- women are not allowed to work more than 56 hours a week 56

Reformers John Stuart Mill: advocated government help for the poor and giving the vote to workers and women. Robert Owen: actually built a factory based on the idea that an employer could offer decent living and working conditions and still make a profit.

Karl Marx Scientific socialism Economics really a struggle between the “haves” (upper class and merchants) and the “have nots” (proletariat working class.) Advocated a workers’ revolution to replace private ownership of property with cooperative ownership. Led to system of Communism.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution Positive Cities, stores, restaurants, and theaters Better cloth meant more clothes Veggies/fruits brought to cities by train. People could do more than just farm Allowed average people to have things only royalty could have had before Negative Change endangered the environment and PEOPLES LIVES!!!!! Overpopulation Child labor – poor working conditions