Chapter 17.1 Philosophy in the Age of Reason (1700s) Enlightened thinkers thought that through the use of reason; thinkers, people and govts could solve every social, political, and economic problem. Rodin’s “The Thinker” 1880

Read p. 544 “Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment” Focus Q: January 27 Read p. 544 “Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment” What is the relationship between Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment?

17.1 handout assignment 30 seconds to sit next to a partner Read your section (5 minutes) Summarize: underline/circle the Main point, details Show and explain on Elmo Audience: which review sheet Q? I wonder, reminds me of, simile

What you’ll learn…. Scientific advances lead to the Enlightenment—people could solve all problems through reason. John Locke believes all people possess natural rights and therefore rejects absolute monarchy.

Why is this important? 1. Locke’s thinking will be a large part of the philosophical reasons for the American colonies to break away from England.

17 vocab 1 social contract 1 natural rights 1 Adam Smith 1 checks and balances 3 Thomas Jefferson 3 George III 3 George Washington 3 popular sovereignty

Vocab review Work in pairs draw a picture and make a simile for any vocab term put on board, students guess what term it is

Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment Scientific Revol. of the 1500s, 1600s changed the way people saw their world Remember the Renaissance: Kepler, Copernicus, Galileo, Newton Enlightenment: Belief in the power of reason

Scientific Revolution Sparks the Enlightenment (Age of Reason) ***natural law or rules discoverable by reason could be used to study human behavior and solve societies (social, econ, political) problems*** ***Scientific Revolution natural laws Enlightenment***

Hobbes and Locke Have Conflicting Views on human nature and the role of govt Hobbes: Leviathon (monster) People are naturally cruel, greedy, selfish Life in this “state of nature” nasty and short People enter into a ***social contract: give up their freedom for an organized society*** Only a powerful govt (absolute monarch) could ensure an orderly society

Why was a strong ruler necessary?

John Locke: Two Treatises on Govt. People are basically reasonable and moral Have ***natural rights: rights belonging to all people from birth*** Best govt had limited power and was accepted by all people ***Govt has an obligation to people: protect their natural rights*** If govts fail or violate natural rights: people have the right (duty?) to overthrow the govt.

French Philosophers: 1700s Montesquieu: 1748: The Spirit of the Laws Best way to protect liberty—divide govt into executive, judicial, legislative branches (separation of powers) ***Each branch can check the power of the other branches checks and balances***

French Philosophers: 1700s Voltaire, Diderot, Rousseau: Fought injustice, slave trade, corrupt govt, praise free speech, attack divine-right theory, unequal distribution of property Basically, people have rights and govt should not be oppressive Good of the community is placed above individual interests: Rousseau’s social contract

Let’s laugh…….. Q: Why does Humpty Dumpty love autumn? A: Because Humpty Dumpty had a great fall. Q: Did you hear about the kidnapping at school? A: It's okay. He woke up.

Women Challenge Enlightenment thinking “free and equal” did not apply to women Women had natural rights, but they were limited to the home and family Vindication: excuse or justification.

**Mary Wollstonecraft** British social critic Woman’s 1st duty: be a good mother But women should decide what was in her own best interest, not her husband A Vindication of the Rights of Woman: **Called for equal education of boys, girls Education was the tool needed to compete equally w/ men in public life

New Economic Thinking Based on the natural laws of economics Laissez Faire replaces Mercantilism “allow to do”—businesses should operate w/ little or no govt. interference Free trade, no tariffs

New Economic Thinking **Adam Smith**: Scottish economist Free market—**supply and demand**—should be allowed to regulate business activity Wrote (1776) The Wealth of Nations supply and demand were the forces that impacted profits, production, wages, trade, economic growth

Naturally.  New Ideas Not Welcome Enlightenment writers who were critical of leaders or govt, their works were censored, books banned and burned, or they were jailed **to avoid censorship, Enlightenment writers disguised their ideas as fiction** Gulliver’s Travels

17.1 Notebook assignment: Enlightenment Thinkers Compare the ideas of Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau. Main ideas? In founding documents? Make a simile for ONE of these Enlightenment thinkers that impacted the American Revolution and our Constitution. (____ is like ____ b/c ___) Locke Montesquieu Rousseau simile

Notebook assignment Locke—natural rights Montesquieu: Life, liberty, property Montesquieu: Separation of powers, checks/balances Rousseau: “Social contract” Some controls necessary, but minimal Only elected govts could impose controls community over individual interests