GENDER INEQUALITY & SOCIAL COHESION IN A GLOBALIZING WORLD Sharifah Syahirah SS, PhD Faculty of Administrative Science & Policy Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Malaysia 10 TH SEPTEMBER 2014 ROYALE CHULAN HOTEL DAMANSARA

I NTRODUCTION A. Concepts: Gender, Inequality, Discrimination, Substantive Equality, Social Cohesion & Hegemonic Masculinity. B. CEDAW, CSW & MDGs frameworks C. ISSUES

CONCEPTS Gender, Inequality, Discrimination, Substantive Equality, Social Cohesion & Hegemonic Masculinity.

G ENDER Socially constructed roles. Power relations between men & women. Power over, Power To, Power With & Power Within. (Rowsland 1995)

G ENDER I NEQUALITY Recognize that women's location in, and experience of, social situations are not only different but also unequal to men's. Women have the same capacity as men but that patriarchy, particularly the sexist patterning of the division of labor, has historically denied women the opportunity to express and practice this reasoning (Crossman, 2014).

S OCIAL C OHESION a characteristic of a society dealing with the connections and relations between societal units such as individuals, groups, associations as well as territorial units (Berger-Schmitt, 2000) Constructed through historical background, religious interpretation, culture, ideology & relationship between men & women (Barnet & Duvall 2005).

G ENDER D ISCRIMINATION Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field (CEDAW, 1979).

S UBSTANTIVE E QUALITY Does not only focus on special treatment to one sex (complemented with provisions affording specific conditions and rights to women since they, in some aspects, are different from men, biologically or even psychologically) But, also on the “quality in result” (Gedin, 2009).

H EGEMONIC MASCULINITY The pattern of practice (i.e., things done, not just a set of role expectations or an identity) That allowed men’s dominance over women to continue systematically (Connell & Messerschmidt, 2005).

C ONVENTION ON E LIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF D ISCRIMINATION A GAINST W OMEN (CEDAW) C OMMISSION ON THE S TATUS OF W OMEN (CSW) M ILLENIUM DECLARATION GOALS ( MDGS ) FRAMEWORKS

CEDAW P ROVISIONS CEDAW is one of the main human rights conventions adopted by United Nations. 187 countries except US, Iran, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, Palau & Tonga.

C EDAW & HUMAN RIGHTS There are 9 main human rights conventions namely i. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) (1965). ii. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) (1966), International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) (1966). iii. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) (1984). iv. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) (1989). v. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance (CMW) (2006). v. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) (2006). Since the UN adoption of CEDAW, 186 member countries ratified CEDAW

Provisions Article 1 Discrimination Article 2 Policy Measures Article 3 Guarantee of Basic Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms Article 4 Special Measures Article 5 Sex Role Stereotyping and Prejudice Article 6 Prostitution Article 7 Political and Public Life Article 8 Representation Article 9 Nationality Article 10 Education Article 11 Employment Article 12 Health Article 13 Economic and Social Benefits Provisions Article 14 Rural Women Article 15 Law Article 16 Marriage and Family Life Article 17 Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Article 18 National Reports Article 19 Rules of Procedure Article 20 Committee Meetings Article 21 Committee Reports Article 22 Role of Specialized Agencies Article 23 Effect on Other Treaties Article 24 Commitment of States Parties Article Administration of the Convention

C OMMISSION ON THE S TATUS W OMEN (CSW) The Commission was established by ECOSOC resolution 11(II) of 21 st June 2046 with the aim to prepare recommendations and reports to the Council on promoting women's rights in political, economic, civil, social and educational fields. The Commission also makes recommendations to the Council on urgent problems requiring immediate attention in the field of women's rights. (

Session (Year) Theme CSW58 (2014)Challenges and achievements in the implementation of the Millennium Development Goals for women and girls CSW57 (2013)Elimination and prevention of all forms of violence against women and girls CSW56 (2012)The empowerment of rural women and their role in poverty and hunger eradication, development and current challenges CSW55 (2011)Access and participation of women and girls in education, training, science and technology, including for the promotion of women’s equal access to full employment and decent work CSW54 (2010)15-year review of the implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action (1995) and the outcomes of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly (2000) CSW53 (2009)The equal sharing of responsibilities between women and men, including caregiving in the context of HIV/AIDS CSW52 (2008)Financing for gender equality and empowerment of women CSW51 (2007)The elimination of all forms of discrimination and violence against the girl child CSW50 (2006)Enhanced participation of women in development and equal participation of women and men in decision-making processes at all levels CSW49 (2005)Review of the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly CSW48 (2004)The role of men and boys in achieving gender equality and women's equal participation in conflict prevention, management and conflict resolution and in post-conflict peace-building.

M ILLENIUM DECLARATION GOALS (MDG S ) (

ISU I: EDUCATION

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ISSUE II: MATERNAL MORTALITY & REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS

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I SSUE III : POVERTY

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I SSUE IV : DECISION MAKING

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I SSUE V : DRESS CODE ( IMPOSITION VS PROHIBITION )

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I SSUE V I: CHILD MARRIAGE

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T HANK YOU. LET’S DISCUSS…