© 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Part I Elements

An Appreciation © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Music—vital part of human society Heard almost everywhere in modern life Provides entertainment, emotional release -Music “on demand” available to almost anyone –Recorded music innovation of 20th Century

An Appreciation © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Purposes of Music Convey specific emotions Tell stories Imitate sounds of nature Persuade others Invoke meaning Recreation/relaxation

An Appreciation © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Informal music making –Source of pleasure for players and listeners -Amateur: person who engages in an activity without compensation—for the simple pleasure that the activity brings -E.g., sports, visual arts, performing arts © John Henley/Corbis

An Appreciation © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill –Experience affected by emotional state of both performer and audience Live performance—special excitement Evaluating music performances –Perceptive listening enhances enjoyment -Knowledge of musical elements enhances perception –Background music vs. alert, active listening

An Appreciation © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Rhythm/Meter Your definition: The arrangement of musical time. Music is arranged in beats grouped into measures. Meter is the grouping of strong and weak beats. Rhythm is the arrangement of note lengths in a piece of music. “Rhythm is shaped by meter”

An Appreciation © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill *Pitch PITCH Music is produced through VIBRATIONS. The frequency of these vibrations produce sounds of varying lowness or highness. Slowly vibrations/bigger objects: Faster vibrations/smaller objects:

An Appreciation © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Pitch/Melody MELODY This is the arrangement of series pitches in musical time. This can be considered the recognizable ‘tune’ of the piece. This is the HORIZONTAL aspect of music

An Appreciation © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Harmony HARMONY This is a group of notes (chords) played together and the relationship between a series of chords. This usually supports the melody, played simultaneously or as broken chords. This is the vertical aspect of music.

An Appreciation © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Instrumentation/Timbre What is producing the music? This describes what instruments [or voices] are heard. This will greatly affect the mood of the piece. Timbre is also known as TONE COLOR, which is the quality of sound that is used to distinguish between instruments

An Appreciation © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Tone Color CHAPTER 1—SOUND: PITCH, DYNAMICS, AND TONE COLOR Also called timbre: quality of a sound –Can be bright, dark, mellow, etc. Changes in tone color create variety and contrast Tone color can add to continuity –Specific melodies with specific tone colors Composers frequently blend sounds of instruments to create new tone colors Modern electronic instruments allow for unlimited number of different tone colors

An Appreciation © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Texture This describes the layers in music and how they relate to each other. This is also related to the VERTICAL aspect of music. THICK/THIN MONOPHONIC POLYPHONIC HOMOPHONIC

An Appreciation © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Texture – An aspect of harmony Texture = thickness of sound –Monophonic: “one sound” music is performed in unison; everyone plays or sings the same part at the same time. Therefore, Harmony doesn’t exist in monophonic music. –Homophonic: “same sound” music has multiple or different parts being sung or played, but they are done at the same time. Melody and harmony exist, but melody rules!

An Appreciation © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Texture continued… The final texture- –Polyphonic: “many sounds” music has multiple, independent parts that are sung or played at the same time. Each part is as important as the others. Because the parts overlap, there is usually no silence, making this the thickest sounding type of the three.

An Appreciation © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill Tempo How fast or slow music is played. This is usually marked using with symbols or Italian terms Some Common Tempo Markings Largo Andante Allegro Allegretto