İSMAİL HAKKI GÖKSOY Present Position: Professor of Islamic History, Suleyman Demirel University, Faculty of Theology (İlahiyat), Isparta (Turkey ) Age: 56, Nationality: Turkish Bachelor Degree : Department of Theology (İlahiyat), Theology Faculty of Nine September University, 1984 (İzmir, Turkey) Master Degree: MA in Islamic Studies, Department of Near Eastern Studies, Faculty of Arts, Manchester University, 1986 (Manchester, United Kingdom) PhD: Department of History, School of Oriental and African Studies, London University, 1991 (London, United Kingdom ) Job Experience : Researcher: Center for Islamic Studies (İSAM) and Turkish Encyclopedia of Islam, Turkish Religious Foundation (Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı), İstanbul ( ) Assistant Professor: Theology Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University ( ) Associate Professor: Theology Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University ( ) Professor : Theology Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University (2004- ? ) For Detailed Information: goksoy

Prof. Dr. İsmail Hakkı GÖKSOY Suleyman Demirel University Faculty of Theology Department of Islamic History and Arts Isparta/TURKEY ANGLO-EGYPTIAN CONDOMINIUM RULE IN SUDAN BEFORE THE FIRST WORLD WAR ( )

Map of Egypt and Sudan

Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi

Introduction - British Occupation of Egypt in Mahdist revolt against the Turco-Egyptian Rule in Sudan in British General Gordon Pasha’s death in Khartum in Administration of Khalifa Abdullah in Sudan - British abandonment policy over Sudan ( ) - Importance of Nile River and Sudan for Egypt and for British colonial expansion - Itallian interests in Upper Nile and occupation of Kassala by Itallians in French interests in Nile Valley and Fashoda crisis in British policy: to keep other European imperial powers away from the Nile River basins and Sudan

Mahdist-Controlled Territory

British General C. Gordon Pasha

The Overthrow of the Mahdist State - Military Advancement of joint British and Egyptian forces on Sudanese territories ( ) - Dongola Campaign (1896) and Evacuation of Khalifa forces from Dongola region - Khalifa Abdullah sends representatives abroad - Representative to Ethiopian King Menelek to get support - Representative (Suleyman b. Inger) to Istanbul to get recognition from the Ottoman Sultan - Anglo-Egyptian military advances on Atbara and Battle of Omdurman, Retaking of Khartum by British and Egyptian forces - Hoisting of British and Egyptian flags over Khartum - End of Mahdist rule in Sudan, 1898

General Kitchener and the Anglo-Egyptian Campaign

Battle of Omdurman

The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium Agreement and Ottoman Reactions to It -Condominium Agreement signed between British government and Egyptian Khedive for the administration of Sudan, Appointment of Lord Kitchener as Governor-General of Sudan -Establishment of Anglo-Eygptian rule in Sudan -Articles of Condominium Agreement and their contents -Gives more power and rights to the British to rule Sudan -Exclusion of Egypt’s laws and regulations from Sudan -No reference to Ottoman Empire as a sovereign power over Sudan -Ottoman reactions to the Condominium Agreement -Protest of Otttoman Government to London on the Agreement -British response: recognise Ottoman sovereign rights over Sudan

Report of Ahmad Mukhtar Pasha to Istanbul on Lord Cromer’s Speech: “You will be governed by the British Queen and the Egyptian Khedive”

Letter of Protest to London

The Form of Central Government and Its Departments -Governor-General H. Herbert Kitchener ( ) -Governor-General Sir F. R. Wingate ( ) -British Governor-Generals and British officials in all fields of administration at the top level -Minor posts for Eygptian personnels in the administration -Sudanisation at the lower level of administration -Establishment of Advisory Council to the Governor- General -Establishment of Sudan Agent for political and intelligence affairs -Establishment of Sudan Civil Service

Governor-General H. Herbert Kitchener

Governor-General Sir F. R. Wingate

Provincial Administration -Divisions of local administration -Mudiriyahs and Muhafiziyahs (First Class and Second Class Provinces) -Provincial governors (Mudirs) and their functions -Collobaration with local individuals rather than groups -Sudanisation of local administration and creation of local official class from Sudanese - Inspectors and mamurs as local officials and their functions -Other local officials: Omdas and Shaikhs and their functions -

City of Khartum (1907)

Government’s Tribal Policy and Pacification of the People -Population structure of Sudanese society -Ethnic and Tribal groups in Sudan -Cooperation with tribal chiefs and moderate religious leaders -Re-settlement and migrations of displaced tribes during Mahdist period -Tribal and religious oppositions to Anglo-Egyptian rule - Strict measures against the Mahdi movement and anti- government radical sufi orders -Military expeditions over tribal risings and pacification of the local people

City of Omdurman (1907)

Financial Administration of Sudan and Goverment’s Economic Policy -Financial dependency on Egyptian treasury until Annual subvention from the Egyptian treasury to Sudan budget to meet the deficits -Free trade for European private entrepreneurs -Improving communications and railway lines -Linking Sudan with Red Sea and opening of Port Sudan -Improvements in agriculture and irrigation systems - Light taxation policy rather than reformed one -Legal prohibition for the import and export of the slaves, but tolerance for the domestic slavery for sometime

Conclusion -Beginning of British influence over Sudan since Mahdist revolt and abandonment policy over Sudan ( ) -Military advances on Sudanese terriories and collapse of Mahdist rule in Sudan (1898) -Condominium Agreement and establishment of Anglo-Egpytian rule in Sudan -Ottoman protests to this Agrement through diplomatic channels -Organisation of Sudan as a separate and autonomous country from Egypt -British colonial officials in all top level administrative offices -Gradual transformation of Sudan as a British colonial country -Disapperance of Ottoman sovereign rights over Sudan, 1914