To start… Recap questions. Why is wood considered only semi-renewable as a resource? If you cut it down faster than it grows stops being renewable. Where are the worlds main known oil reserves? Middle East Why was the Chernobyl incident so important for the nuclear industry? Highlighted the dangers of nuclear power. What is the main source of fuel in Mali and why is this a problem? Firewood – deforestation and desertification. What is the UK’s main source of renewable energy? Wind farms eg Scroby Sands, located on a sand back 3km off the coast of Great Yarmouth. 30 turbines can produce enough electricity for 41,000 homes.

What are the social, economic and environmental issues associated with the increasing demand for energy?

Key ideas… 1.The exploitation of energy resources brings both opportunities and problems for the people and environment. 2.The social and economic opportunities created by the exploitation of energy resources include employment, community development and economic sustainability. 3.The problems created by the exploitation of energy include conflicts with indigenous people, economic issues and environmental degradation.

Issues arising from an increased demand for energy. Positives and Negatives? Political issues?

The big issue: Global Warming What is global warming? How is it caused? What are the effects?

Case Study: Norway - Opportunities created by the exploitation of energy resources. Background Oil was discovered in late 1960s. Because the quantities of oil have been large and Norway’s population is relatively small (4.5 million), the benefits per person have been considerable. Norway is the 7 th largest producer of crude oil in the world, and the third largest exporter (behind Saudi Arabia and Russia).

Location of Norway’s Oil and Gas

Reserves All oil and gas is offshore. Norway has also been richly endowed with the physical characteristics to develop large scale hydroelectricity. Hydroelectric power accounts for 99% of electricity generation in Norway. Norway has about 850 hydroelectric plants giving a total installed capacity of over MW. However, as all the most obvious locations have been utilised, further development is limited.

Environmental Heavy industries have been attracted to the area because of the cheap HEP power – this has caused environmental concerns. However, Norway's oil and gas sectors works to high standards in terms of both operation and inspection, resulting in a very limited environmental impact. However, with the offshore nature of oil and gas exploitation, the danger of a major maritime incident is always possible. Norway has a renewable energy programme. Its main objective is to reduce hydropower transmission line loss and to develop undersea cable technology. It is also looking at solar, wind and biomass possibilities.

Economic Oil and gas account for 1/3 of Norway’s export earnings. Oil and gas are vital to the economy. Around 8000 people are directly employed by oil related businesses. Almost jobs are attributed directly or indirectly to the oil and gas industry. At first Norway largely relied on the expertise of foreign companies, but the industry is now fully developed and its expertise is in demand all over the world. In addition, the oil and gas industry has boosted innovation and technological development in other industrial sectors.

The relatively cheap HEP has attracted heavy industries requiring large power inputs. Such foreign direct investment has provided a significant number of jobs, creating a cycle of Cumulative causation. Southern Norway has the largest concentration of electro-chemical indsutries in Western Europe.

Social The standard of living in Norway is much higher than it would be without oil and gas revenues. Incomes are high and the country is able to afford a welfare system which is one of the best in the world. Community development is a top priority on Norway’s agenda. Revenue from oil and gas has allowed a high per capita spending on sports, youth, transport and facilities. This money has also helped rural areas and reduced rural depopulation.

Political Norway’s people and politicians realise the oil and gas will not last forever. For a number of years, surplus oil revenues have been placed in a Government Petroleum Fund. This money is invested abroad and is now more than $150 million.

How have abundant energy resources improved the quality of life in Norway?

Case Study: Nigeria Limited benefits from oil wealth

Now use the Nigeria case study information to fill in the other side of the table – note form please!

How can energy supply be managed to ensure sustainability?

Key Ideas… Managing energy supply requires detailed planning and balancing of socio- economic and environmental needs. Energy demand can be satisfied in an increasingly sustainable way. The development of renewable energy resources is an important goal of sustainable energy policies.

What is sustainability? 1.Using of existing finite resources efficiently. 2.Developing renewable energy sources. 3.Conserving energy in industry, transport, homes etc.

Energy management and conservation? Why do we need to manage energy supplies? Exhaustion of fossil fuels. Impact of emissions on environment. High cost of building large energy installations. We need to balance between socio-economic and environmental needs. Carbon Trading Important part of the EU’s environment and energy policies. Under the EU’s emissions trading scheme, heavy industrial plants have to buy permits to emit greenhouse gases over the limit they are allowed to by the government. If a company does not use up the level of emissions it is entitled to, it can sell the remainder of the entitlement. Is this the solution?

What can individuals do to conserve energy? What can the government do to conserve energy? Which measures will have the biggest impact? Figure 7.34 p279

Electrical appliances left on standby use about 7% of all electricity used in UK homes.

Homework! Title: Alternative Sources of Energy Using the text book p write notes about the different types of alternative energy. Use the note making skills from today – pick out the main parts, do not copy it all down! Due: Friday 26 th Feb