“The Building of European Supremacy” Society and Politics to World War I  Each of the following slides represent the changes in Europe from the 1850’s to As you view each slide identify the changes in society/Population, Technology and Industry, Economics and Politics. Please write a description of each slide in your notebook providing the reasons for change.

Population Trends Migration

Second Industrial Revolution

Middle Class Ascendancy

Urban Changes

Fact or Fiction? “Jack The Ripper”

Population Growth  Worldwide Population of Europeans  266 million (1850) to 401 million (1900) to 447 million (1910)  Population Growth in Europe between 1871 and 1911 (Population in Millions)  Worldwide Population of Europeans  266 million (1850) to 401 million (1900) to 447 million (1910)  Population Growth in Europe between 1871 and 1911 (Population in Millions) c.1871c.1911%Increase German Empire France Austria-Hungary35, Great Britain Italy Spain Source: Merriman,John, History of Modern Europe, 1996

Population Growth   Child Mortality Rates fell  Increased standard of living  Greater medical knowledge  Better nutrition  Better housing   Child Mortality Rates fell  Increased standard of living  Greater medical knowledge  Better nutrition  Better housing

Population Growth  1910 (Developed countries)  Population stabilized  447 million  Birth and death rates are equal  Family Planning  3 children or less  Upper class-devoted resources to the future  Working class-had one more mouth to feed  Contraceptive techniques improved  1910 (Developed countries)  Population stabilized  447 million  Birth and death rates are equal  Family Planning  3 children or less  Upper class-devoted resources to the future  Working class-had one more mouth to feed  Contraceptive techniques improved

Migration  Economic  Cheaper Land  Better Wages  Opportunity (U.S., Canada, Latin America)  First Wave- Immigrants from Ireland, Britain, Germany and some from Eastern Europe  Next Wave--Jewish, Italian, Irish  million Europeans each year  more than 50 million left Europe  Relieved European Pop. Pressure on the Continent  Caused the Europeanization of the world.  Economic  Cheaper Land  Better Wages  Opportunity (U.S., Canada, Latin America)  First Wave- Immigrants from Ireland, Britain, Germany and some from Eastern Europe  Next Wave--Jewish, Italian, Irish  million Europeans each year  more than 50 million left Europe  Relieved European Pop. Pressure on the Continent  Caused the Europeanization of the world.

Emigration to the U.S Germany718,0001,500,000505,000341,000 Ireland437,000656,000388,000339,000 UK548,000807,000272,000526,000 Italy56,000307,000652,0002,000,000 Austria- Hungary 73,000363,000574,0002,145,000 Russia/ Baltic Sts. 39,000213,000505,0001,597,000 Source: Merriman,John, History of Modern Europe, 1996

Migration  Technology increased mobility  Railways  Steamships  Better Roads  Emancipation of Serfs  Lessened the authority of the landlord  Legal movement and migration became easier  Technology increased mobility  Railways  Steamships  Better Roads  Emancipation of Serfs  Lessened the authority of the landlord  Legal movement and migration became easier

Second Industrial Revolution Changes in Industry  Steel  Chemical  Electric  oil  Steel  Chemical  Electric  oil

Second Industrial Revolution Changes in Industry  Steel  Bessemer Process  Henry Bessemer ( )  Forged steel from pig iron by forcing air through molten metal to reduce its carbon content  Produced greater quantities  Stronger  More Flexible  Led to Producing Britain’s first steel Ship (Larger, Sturdier, and faster) Transformed naval warfare contributing to the Anglo- German rivalry  Steel  Bessemer Process  Henry Bessemer ( )  Forged steel from pig iron by forcing air through molten metal to reduce its carbon content  Produced greater quantities  Stronger  More Flexible  Led to Producing Britain’s first steel Ship (Larger, Sturdier, and faster) Transformed naval warfare contributing to the Anglo- German rivalry

Second Industrial Revolution Changes in Industry  Electric  Improved the everyday lives of most Europeans  1881-england-first electric power stations  Accelerated Economic growth  Construction of public transportation systems  Dynamo-Werner von Siemens-Produced an unlimited amount of electrical energy  Singer Sewing Machine--readily expanded consumer markets (Garment industry)  Electric  Improved the everyday lives of most Europeans  1881-england-first electric power stations  Accelerated Economic growth  Construction of public transportation systems  Dynamo-Werner von Siemens-Produced an unlimited amount of electrical energy  Singer Sewing Machine--readily expanded consumer markets (Garment industry)

Second Industrial Revolution Changes in Industry

 Chemical  The Solway process revolutionized the utilization of chemical by-products for soaps, dyes, and plastics.  Automobile  1886 Gottlieb Daimler(German Engineer) Improved the internal combustion engine  Increased  Steel and aluminum production, rubber, toolmakers, petroleum  Henry Ford--Assembly line--affordable cars  Europeans could travel farther for leisure and business, middle class vacations became popular creating resort towns creating the tourist industry.  Chemical  The Solway process revolutionized the utilization of chemical by-products for soaps, dyes, and plastics.  Automobile  1886 Gottlieb Daimler(German Engineer) Improved the internal combustion engine  Increased  Steel and aluminum production, rubber, toolmakers, petroleum  Henry Ford--Assembly line--affordable cars  Europeans could travel farther for leisure and business, middle class vacations became popular creating resort towns creating the tourist industry.

Second Industrial Revolution Changes in Industry  With the advent of the auto and the greater demand for plastics and other petroleum based chemicals, a significant increase for crude oil developed.  The first major oil companies were:  Standard Oil  British Shell Oil  Royal Dutch petroleum.  With the advent of the auto and the greater demand for plastics and other petroleum based chemicals, a significant increase for crude oil developed.  The first major oil companies were:  Standard Oil  British Shell Oil  Royal Dutch petroleum.

Major Dates of the Second Industrial Revolution  1857: Bessemer process for making steel.  1873: Beginning of major economic downturn.  1876: Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.  1879: Thomas Edison perfects the electric light.  1881: First electric power plant in Britain.  1886: Benz invents internal combustion engine.  1889: Daimler’s first automobile.  1895: Diesel engine invented.  1895: Wireless telegraphy invented.  1903: Wright brothers make first successful airplane flight.  1909: Ford manufacturers the Model T  1857: Bessemer process for making steel.  1873: Beginning of major economic downturn.  1876: Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone.  1879: Thomas Edison perfects the electric light.  1881: First electric power plant in Britain.  1886: Benz invents internal combustion engine.  1889: Daimler’s first automobile.  1895: Diesel engine invented.  1895: Wireless telegraphy invented.  1903: Wright brothers make first successful airplane flight.  1909: Ford manufacturers the Model T

Economic Difficulties  Despite advances in industrial growth, the last half of the 19th century did not see continuous economic growth.  The last quarter of the century saw an economic downturn due to increased foreign competition and poor weather.  This economic depression hit the agricultural sector the hardest and Europe saw an increase of emigration again out of the predominantly agricultural areas.  Despite advances in industrial growth, the last half of the 19th century did not see continuous economic growth.  The last quarter of the century saw an economic downturn due to increased foreign competition and poor weather.  This economic depression hit the agricultural sector the hardest and Europe saw an increase of emigration again out of the predominantly agricultural areas.

Economic Woes & Outcomes  A depression in 1873 forced the closing of several banks throughout Europe and the United States.  Followed by two decades of economic stagnation.  Most workers still lived in sub par conditions.  Strikes and other types of labor conflicts occurred.  The economic downturn allowed for the growth of trade unions and socialist party activity.  A depression in 1873 forced the closing of several banks throughout Europe and the United States.  Followed by two decades of economic stagnation.  Most workers still lived in sub par conditions.  Strikes and other types of labor conflicts occurred.  The economic downturn allowed for the growth of trade unions and socialist party activity.

Consumer Growth  The demand for consumer goods brought the economy back from the depression by  Lower food prices allowed for more discretionary income.  Urbanization also created larger markets for consumer goods.  New forms of marketing developed during the last part of the 19th century.  Department stores, chain stores, mail-order businesses, and improved advertising stimulated the demand for consumer durables.  The demand for consumer goods brought the economy back from the depression by  Lower food prices allowed for more discretionary income.  Urbanization also created larger markets for consumer goods.  New forms of marketing developed during the last part of the 19th century.  Department stores, chain stores, mail-order businesses, and improved advertising stimulated the demand for consumer durables.

Rise of the Middle Class  The second half of the 19th century saw the rise of the middle class.  1st half--Middle class were the leaders of revolution  2nd half--middle class were the leaders of commerce  Increase in wealth allowed the middle class to unite with the upper class to fend off socialism and other liberal movements  Middle class became the leaders of the consumer market in Europe and the U.S.  The second half of the 19th century saw the rise of the middle class.  1st half--Middle class were the leaders of revolution  2nd half--middle class were the leaders of commerce  Increase in wealth allowed the middle class to unite with the upper class to fend off socialism and other liberal movements  Middle class became the leaders of the consumer market in Europe and the U.S.

Rise of the Middle Class Social Distinctions  Diverse  Large business owners and Bankers were the most prosperous and their lives rivaled that of the aristocracy  W.H. Smith (owned newsstands) became a wealthy member of the house of lords  The Krupp Family (Munitions and Steel) Highly Respected  Only a small number of families ever earned this type of wealth  Diverse  Large business owners and Bankers were the most prosperous and their lives rivaled that of the aristocracy  W.H. Smith (owned newsstands) became a wealthy member of the house of lords  The Krupp Family (Munitions and Steel) Highly Respected  Only a small number of families ever earned this type of wealth

Rise of the Middle Class Social Distinctions  Entrepreneurs and Professionals  The next level within the middle class included business owners and professionals.  Obtained enough wealth to afford private homes as well as various luxury items  Below this group were small business owners, teachers, and others whose employment was due to their educational attainment.  Though not as wealthy, they gained respect for their employment in non manual labor positions.  The lowest level of the middle class was made up of the petit bourgeoisie.  Made up of white collar workers such as clerks, secretaries and lower level government officials.  Entrepreneurs and Professionals  The next level within the middle class included business owners and professionals.  Obtained enough wealth to afford private homes as well as various luxury items  Below this group were small business owners, teachers, and others whose employment was due to their educational attainment.  Though not as wealthy, they gained respect for their employment in non manual labor positions.  The lowest level of the middle class was made up of the petit bourgeoisie.  Made up of white collar workers such as clerks, secretaries and lower level government officials.

Late 19 th century Europe. Who needed to fix this? Why?

The New Cities of Europe  Due to the massive influx of people into the cities, city planners went to work to accommodate the growing populations.  The most famous transformation took place in Paris.  Paris was a mix of lavish houses and squalor.  The Seine River was an open sewer and the streets full of garbage.  The redesign of Paris occurred during the reign of Napoleon III.  The reconstruction program of Paris was undertaken by Georges Haussmann.  Due to the massive influx of people into the cities, city planners went to work to accommodate the growing populations.  The most famous transformation took place in Paris.  Paris was a mix of lavish houses and squalor.  The Seine River was an open sewer and the streets full of garbage.  The redesign of Paris occurred during the reign of Napoleon III.  The reconstruction program of Paris was undertaken by Georges Haussmann.

A New Paris  Whole districts were destroyed to make way for open boulevards and streets.  Wide streets were not only aesthetically popular but also allowed for the quick movement of troops throughout the city.  Several parks such as the Bois de Boulogne were built.  Structures such as the Paris Opera House along with several other public buildings.  At the end of the Third Republic and the Commune, Paris saw further expansion.  Departments stores, office buildings and middle class housing sprung up throughout the city.  Two other major constructions were the Eiffel Tower and the Basilica of the Sacred Heart  Construction of a subway began in  Whole districts were destroyed to make way for open boulevards and streets.  Wide streets were not only aesthetically popular but also allowed for the quick movement of troops throughout the city.  Several parks such as the Bois de Boulogne were built.  Structures such as the Paris Opera House along with several other public buildings.  At the end of the Third Republic and the Commune, Paris saw further expansion.  Departments stores, office buildings and middle class housing sprung up throughout the city.  Two other major constructions were the Eiffel Tower and the Basilica of the Sacred Heart  Construction of a subway began in 1895.

Development of Suburbs  Due to the redevelopment of Paris as well as other cities the poor and the lower middle classes were forced to find other housing.  The middle class looked for less congestion.  The working class looked for affordability.  New housing districts called suburbs developed because of the expansion of the railway systems.  Low daily fares allowed workers to live on the outskirts of the cities and commute to their jobs within the city  The development of the subway and electrical tram systems also promoted such growth.  Due to the redevelopment of Paris as well as other cities the poor and the lower middle classes were forced to find other housing.  The middle class looked for less congestion.  The working class looked for affordability.  New housing districts called suburbs developed because of the expansion of the railway systems.  Low daily fares allowed workers to live on the outskirts of the cities and commute to their jobs within the city  The development of the subway and electrical tram systems also promoted such growth.

Urban Sanitation  Another primary concern among city leaders was providing proper sanitation systems for their growing cities.  This concern was caused by the great Cholera epidemics of the 1830s and 1840s.  This epidemic not only hit the poor but all classes which brought much greater pressure on city officials to solve the problem.  Several books were also published during this period describing the filth found within European cities.  Edwin Chadwick ﾕ “Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population,” shocked England. Edwin Chadwick ﾕ  Another primary concern among city leaders was providing proper sanitation systems for their growing cities.  This concern was caused by the great Cholera epidemics of the 1830s and 1840s.  This epidemic not only hit the poor but all classes which brought much greater pressure on city officials to solve the problem.  Several books were also published during this period describing the filth found within European cities.  Edwin Chadwick ﾕ “Report on the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population,” shocked England. Edwin Chadwick ﾕ

Water and Sewage Systems  It was determined that in order to clean up the cities of Europe new water and sewage systems were needed.  A major health achievement of the last half of the 19th century.  The new sewer system of Paris was also part of Haussmann’s plans for the city.  Throughout Europe various types of water and sewer systems were installed and the spread of diseases such as Cholera dropped dramatically.  It was determined that in order to clean up the cities of Europe new water and sewage systems were needed.  A major health achievement of the last half of the 19th century.  The new sewer system of Paris was also part of Haussmann’s plans for the city.  Throughout Europe various types of water and sewer systems were installed and the spread of diseases such as Cholera dropped dramatically.

Public Health Programs  Several government programs were established during this period to solve the urban health issue.  Public Health Act of 1848 (England)  Melun Act of 1851 (France)  Public health officials were given power to investigate structures and homes in the name of public health.  Private property could be condemned for posing health hazards to the community.  Private land could be purchased for the construction of sewer and water systems.  By the end of the century, the bacterial theory of disease was fully accepted due to the work of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch and Joseph Lister.Louis PasteurJoseph Lister  Several government programs were established during this period to solve the urban health issue.  Public Health Act of 1848 (England)  Melun Act of 1851 (France)  Public health officials were given power to investigate structures and homes in the name of public health.  Private property could be condemned for posing health hazards to the community.  Private land could be purchased for the construction of sewer and water systems.  By the end of the century, the bacterial theory of disease was fully accepted due to the work of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch and Joseph Lister.Louis PasteurJoseph Lister

Housing Reforms  Sanitation reform also brought about changes in housing.  The housing of the poor was often a breeding ground for bacteria.  Following the revolutions of 1848, changes began to develop throughout Western Europe.  Housing reforms looked to solve the various medical, political and moral issues posed by the slums.  Early leaders of such reform were A.V. Huber of Germany and Jules Simon of France.  These reformers believed that adequate, respectable housing would solve many of Europe’s social and political problems.  Several countries provided tax breaks and provided low interest loans for lower income housing.  By 1914, though not completely solved, Europe was attempting to solve the issue of proper housing for people.  Sanitation reform also brought about changes in housing.  The housing of the poor was often a breeding ground for bacteria.  Following the revolutions of 1848, changes began to develop throughout Western Europe.  Housing reforms looked to solve the various medical, political and moral issues posed by the slums.  Early leaders of such reform were A.V. Huber of Germany and Jules Simon of France.  These reformers believed that adequate, respectable housing would solve many of Europe’s social and political problems.  Several countries provided tax breaks and provided low interest loans for lower income housing.  By 1914, though not completely solved, Europe was attempting to solve the issue of proper housing for people.

Fact or Fiction?  Jack The Ripper  Between the months of August and November, 1888, the Whitechapel area of East London played witness to a series of horrific murders, which remain to this day unsolved.  The unknown assailant, formerly known as "Leather Apron", later to be referred as "Jack the Ripper", stalked the dimly lit, fog blanketed streets of the East End of London with a single, brutal ambition MURDER MOST HORRID.  With malice aforethought, undercover of darkness he lurked within the shadows, awaiting his prey......"the street women" of Old London Town the despicable diary of death had begun......!  Jack The Ripper  Between the months of August and November, 1888, the Whitechapel area of East London played witness to a series of horrific murders, which remain to this day unsolved.  The unknown assailant, formerly known as "Leather Apron", later to be referred as "Jack the Ripper", stalked the dimly lit, fog blanketed streets of the East End of London with a single, brutal ambition MURDER MOST HORRID.  With malice aforethought, undercover of darkness he lurked within the shadows, awaiting his prey......"the street women" of Old London Town the despicable diary of death had begun......!

Fact or Fiction?  The Victims  MARY ANNE NICHOLS  "Polly" Nichols as she was known to many, was aged 42 when Jack the Ripper's icy hand took her life. The estranged wife of a printer, Polly had borne five children before husband William eloped with one of her friends in It was then that she became trapped in the downward spiral of drink and prostitution, her final days spent living in the squalid conditions of the "White House" doss-house on Flower and Dean Street. She was laid to rest at Ilford cemetery on September 6th  The Victims  MARY ANNE NICHOLS  "Polly" Nichols as she was known to many, was aged 42 when Jack the Ripper's icy hand took her life. The estranged wife of a printer, Polly had borne five children before husband William eloped with one of her friends in It was then that she became trapped in the downward spiral of drink and prostitution, her final days spent living in the squalid conditions of the "White House" doss-house on Flower and Dean Street. She was laid to rest at Ilford cemetery on September 6th 1888.

The Victims  ANNIE CHAPMAN "Dark Annie" met her death on a foggy night, alone, undernourished and suffering from brain and lung diseases which would soon have claimed her if Jack's Knife hadn't. Annie wandered the East End Streets penniless following the death of her husband in Cruelly treated by life, Annie had two daughters, one of which died in 1882, and a son who was crippled. Living off immoral earnings and selling matches and flowers, Annie was a street hardened rogue. She was buried in secret, at Manor Park on September 14th 1888, by her family.

The Victims  "Long Liz" was born in Gothenburg, Sweden in November 1843, named Elizabeth Gustafsdotter. After becoming a registered prostitute and giving birth to a still born girl, she moved to London in 1866 and married John Thomas Strise, a carpenter, supposedly living in Gower Street, London. The Strides allegedly kept a coffee shop prior to the breakdown of their marriage in long Liz was to have had eight convictions for drunkenness before her fatal appointment with Jack the Ripper. Elizabeth Stride was buried in a paupers grave in the East London cemetery aged 44 years.

The Victims  CATHERINE EDDOWES Born in 1842, the daughter of a tin plate worker, Catherine Eddowes came to London's Bermondsey district at the age of two. She returned to her native Wolverhampton, with Thomas Conway, a pensioner, who was to father her three children. The couple separated in 1880, victims of habitual drinking. "Kate" left for London once more, where she resided in Flower and Dean Street. Following a hop picking venture in Kent, Kate was sadly to embark on her final tragic journey via Bishopsgate police cells into the clutches of the evil Ripper. She was buried in an unmarked grave in Ilford on 8th October 1888, witnessed by hoards of onlookers, aged 44

The Victims  "Black Mary" was unlike the other victims. At 25 she was young and attractive, and as a prostitute would have better served the prestigious West End clients as opposed to working the grim streets of the East End. Mary was born in Limerick, Ireland and moved to Wales where she married a collier who was tragically killed in a pit disaster. After turning to prostitution in Cardiff, she moved south to London where she worked in a West End brothel. "Fair Emma" came to lodge at various abodes around Dorset Street, London, the "Wicked Quarter Mile", and it was at Millers Court that she was found brutally murdered. She was buried at Walthamstow R.C. cemetery on 19th November