 Page38-39  Timeframe: between 1000 and 1492  Native Americans hold these central traditions Native Americans  Land is sacred, a living entity that benefits all life and must be treated with respect. No one can own the land.all life  Lives are organized around cycles of nature.  Traditions pass verbally from generation to generation through folktales, fables, and sacred stories.  Speechmaking and storytelling important aspects of life.  Georgia’s Native Americans also leave a history. Georgia’s

 Native Americans didn’t write things down; they were great storytellers in the oral tradition.  They also sang songs and performed dances, especially to honor the various forces of nature.

 Nonfiction: from The Iroquois Constitution p.55  Dekanawida  Myth: How the World Was Made p.48  James Mooney  Speech: Offer of Help p.108 Speech:  Canassatego

 Have students note Bradford’s diction, his choice of words. He writes in plain language that characterizes the Puritans’ sparse, ordinary life. His tone is direct with very little figurative language. Many references to God and His blessings.  Mary Rowlandson’s piece is clearly religious in tone with many Biblical allusions.  Have them note the figurative language in Edwards’ sermon.

 Page 39  Time Period: 1600’s – early 1700’s  Brief History of the period:  Jamestown, VA – 1 st successful settlement 1607  Plymouth, MA – 1620 – Pilgrims who began a reform movement known as Puritanism. Rock on! Plymouth,Rock on!  Puritans exile Roger Williams for his religious beliefs, wear dark, plain clothing, and outlaw dice, cards, and bowling!

 Puritans read religious books, newspapers, viewed pamphlets and fliers, listened to sermons.  Puritans wrote in journals and diaries, in a plain style that clearly showed their love of God.  Their writing contained many Biblical allusions, ones that their audience would definitely be familiar with.

 Nonfiction: from Of Plymouth Plantation p.69  William Bradford  Diary: from A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson p.85  Mary Rowlandson  Sermon: from Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God p.101 SermonSinners  Jonathan Edwards

 Remind students of the background for the American Revolution and the enormous sense of unfairness and powerlessness the colonists felt.  Before or after reading Patrick Henry’s speech, read the “Give Me Rhetoric!” newspaper article on p.151. Compare it to a John McCain or George Bush example; I’m thinking of someone who DOESN’T speak well for this example.  After beginning the Declaration, point out that the first sentence is kind of a thesis statement, which predicts what may be coming next.

 Page 120  Time Period:  Independence, and Beyond! American colonists were angry with Britain for heavily taxing them to recoup for war losses that had nothing to do with America.  Colonists were fighting for Independence, their new government, their rights.

 This was a highly political time so there were a lot of speeches and political documents. (Patrick Henry and The Declaration of Independence).  People also kept up-to-date with newspapers, almanacs, and magazines.  The Revolutionary Period was also known as the Age of Reason.  Parallelism/Parallel Structure: the use of a series of words, phrases or sentences that have a similar grammatical structure (Give me liberty or give me death!)

 Nonfiction: from Poor Richard’s Almanack p.134  Benjamin Franklin  Speech to the Virginia Convention p.147  Patrick Henry  Declaration of Independence p.169 Declaration of Independence  Thomas Jefferson  Poem: To His Excellency p.178  Phillis Wheatley

  Brief History of the period:  Romanticism focuses on individualism and concerns of the heart (emotional) rather than the mind. It is in tune with the optimism of a new nation.  Romanticism had its dark side though, with Edgar Allan Poe’s scary tales and Nathaniel Hawthorne’s gloomy characters who couldn’t live up to their ideals.

 The Romantic period had stories that were highly imaginative and idealized (romanticized).  Gothic, or horror or the macabre, literature was part of this period.  Romantic is opposite of Realistic (Realism).  Edgar Allan Poe was a fascinating Romantic writer of this period, known for his highly imaginative stories and crazy narrators. Edgar Allan Poe

 Fiction: The Black CatThe Black Cat  Edgar Allan Poe  Fiction: The Devil & Tom Walker p.203  Washington Irving  Poem: Old Ironsides p. 225  Oliver Wendell Holmes  Fiction: The Minister’s Black Veil p.266  Fireside Poets: To a Waterfowl, The Chambered Nautilus, The Tide Rises, the Tide Falls

 Page 239  Brief History of the period: stemmed from Romanticism. Transcendentalists believed that human nature contained something that transcended, or went beyond, ordinary experience.History  They thought every person was divine and so to trust or rely on the self was to trust God who spoke within us. We can transcend the limits of our senses and come to know higher truths.

 With the emphasis on individualism, there were many different types of writing during this period. Nature essays by Ralph Waldo Emerson and poems by William Wordsworth were popular.  Because transcendentalists were also part of the abolitionist movement, essays about abolishing slavery were also read widely.

 Poem: Concord Hymn p.240  Essay: from Nature  Ralph Waldo Emerson  Essay: from Civil Disobedience p.257  Henry David Thoreau

 Bridge between Romanticism and Realism  Brief History of the period: Regional economic differences drove the North and South apart. After Lincoln, who opposed slavery, got elected, the South (Confederacy) seceded. The Civil War was fought to preserve the Union but ultimately defeated slavery as well.  The period after the War is known as Reconstruction, and marked by economic growth. African-Americans, while free, were still fighting against discrimination and racism. Women were fighting for equality and the right to vote, and Native Americans were still fighting to keep their land from the continuing spread of white settlements.

 Spirituals were sung by slaves and passed down through word of mouth; they had Biblical allusions and used code words so slaves would know how to escape.  Antislavery writings: The Liberator was a newspaper dedicated to the abolition of slavery, Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin which sold 300,000 copies.  Memoirs: Soldiers and civilians were publishing their memoirs after the war. These accounts provide day-to- day details of major battles.  Letters and diaries: During the war, many people recorded the details of their daily lives.

 Memoir: from My Bondage and My Freedom p.328  Frederick Douglass  Spiritual: Swing Low, Sweet Chariot p.337 Spiritual  Spiritual: Go Down Moses p.338  Spiritual: Follow the Drinking Gourd p.339  Memoir: And Ain’t I a Woman? p.345 Sojourner Truth  Diary: from Mary Chesnut’s Civil War p.357 Mary Chesnut  Letter: Letters to His Family p.363 Robert E. Lee  Movie: Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge p.367 Ambrose Bierce

Realism  A literary movement that seeks to portray life as it really is. Psychological realism: what goes on in the mind  “The Outcasts of Poker Flat” had real-life characters and situations  Realistic dialogue, setting, situations, conflicts, personalities, endings, emotions, voices, dreams and aspirations, themes.

Regionalism & Naturalism  Naturalism  Writers wrote about the ancient conflict of Man vs. Nature but Nature usually wins this conflict in these stories. Example: Jack London’s To Build a Fire  Regionalism  Writers wrote about their sections of the country. For example, Mark Twain wrote extensively about life on the Mississippi River and John Steinbeck wrote extensively about the Salinas Valley in California and its farm and ranch hands.

 Story of an Hour  Katharine Porter  Poem: Richard Cory  Edwin Arlington Robinson  Fiction: Huck Finn/Tom Sawyer  Mark Twain  Fiction: Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge  Ambrose Bierce

Harlem Renaissance  A rebirth of black American voices in literature, song “jazz,” dance, art.  Langston Hughes wrote poetry and novels depicting the struggles of black Americans.  Paul Laurence Dunbar is another famous poet: “Sympathy,”  W.E.B. DuBois wrote “The Souls of Black Folk”

 Turn of the 20 th Century  There was a great movement of people toward cities and urban areas, the Industrial Revolution, WWI, the Roaring Twenties.  Writers are clever, challenging and changing conventions, tackling issues of alienation and loneliness, urban plight, wheels and wings.  Writers create characters who think like real people do, stream of consciousness.

 Fiction: Of Mice & Men (film)  John Steinbeck  Fiction: The Great Gatsby (film)  F. Scott Fitzgerald  Imagist Poetry: p.508  Fiction: Hills Like White ElephantsHills Like White Elephants  Hemingway Hemingway

Midcentury: 1950’s  The Crucible (film)  Arthur Miller