Human Nutrition Activity: Nutrient and calorie log

Essential Nutrient Essential Nutrients are elements that cannot be synthesized by the body. Vitamins are carbon based compounds that cannot be synthesized by the body Some Fatty acids and amino acids are essential. Some nutrients are non-essential, i.e. the body can synthesize or another nutrient can be used for the same function. Food intake (diet) should consist of: Cabohydrates Proteins Lipids Fiber Minerals/vitamins and trace elements water

Malnutrition: Deficiency of nutrients (proteins, energy food, vitamins) Imbalances of nutrients (vitamins and minerals Excess of nutrients such as fats and sugars.

Vitamins and Minerals Cofactors are inorganic molecules (minerals) that bind tightly to an enzyme or loosely to a substrate to aid in enzyme reaction. Coenzymes: are organic molecules (Vitamins) that are required for enzymatic reactions to take place. Vitamins cannot be synthesized in the body and are thus considered and essential nutrient.

Table 41.1

Table 41.2

Essential Amino Acids Proteins In addition to being the precursor for amino acids, proteins make up the structural foundation of the cells, tissues and organs. But the body needs to consume proteins with enough of the essential amino acids to synthesize the non-essential amino acids. Proteins are found in plant and animal foods. Essential Amino Acids: (10) ArginineHistidine IsoleucineLeucine LysineMethionine PhenylalanineThreonine TryptophanValine

Non-essential amino acids non-essential amino acids includes: AlanineArginine AsparagineAspartic acid L-CysteineGlutamic Acid GlutamineGlycine HistidineOrnithine ProlineSelenocysteine SerineTaurine Tyrosine

What would you expect to happen if there was a lack of essential amino acid intake through diet?

Essential fatty acids Linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 fatty acid Found in fish, flaxseeds and walnuts Linoleic acid (LA), an omega-6 fatty acid Found in nuts, most vegetable oils and some whole grains Fatty acids promote brain and muscle development.

Malnutrition Causes: Deficiency in a vitamin, mineral – nutrients Excessive vitamin, mineral – nutrients Imbalance in vitamin, mineral – nutrients Examples: Rickets – lack of vit. D Vit. D is responsible for absorption of Ca – lack of Vit. D can lead to : Rickets Osteoporosis/osteopenia High Levels of vit. A can lead to birth defects High levels of Vit. E can lead to hemorrhaging Excessive Vit. K can reverse the effects of blood thinners.

Rickets Caused by deficiency or inability fo the body to absorb Vit. D The primary cause of congenital rickets is Vitamin D deficiency in the mother's blood – hence pre-natal care is essential. Genetic variant that may cause mutant receptors.

Obesity Coronary heart disease High blood pressure Poor circulation Type II diabetes

Obesity cont., Globally, the WHO estimates that over 1 billion people are currently overweight and that over 300 million people are obese Obesity is defined by your Body Mass Index: If your BMI is less than 18.5, it falls within the underweight range. If your BMI is 18.5 to 24.9, it falls within the normal or healthy weight range. If your BMI is 25.0 to 29.9, it falls within the overweight range. If your BMI is 30.0 or higher, it falls within the obese range. Calculating your BMI:

Appetite Control Appetite is regulated by the hypothalamus

Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Deficiency of caloric intake Loss of body fat will lead to protein breakdown – ultimately attacking the muscles of the heart. Bulimia Destruction to the esophageal sphincters Destruction of tooth enamel Malnutrition.

Geographic location and health