GOOD MORNING Please take the handout left for you on my orange chair and wait for further instruction. 1

AP Updates Today  Begin Period Three (Expansive Realm of Islam) Tomorrow  Chapter 14 Quiz Wednesday  COMP Essays Returned Grading: TBA (ASAP)  CCI Project  Period Vocabulary  Period Exam 2

Chapter 13 The Expansive Realm of Islam 3

Muhammad and His Message Born about 570 C.E. to merchant family in Mecca Orphaned as a child Marries wealthy widow ca. 595 C.E., works as merchant Familiarity with paganism, Christianity and Judaism as practiced in Arabian peninsula 4

Muhammad’s Spiritual Transformation Visions, ca. 610 C.E. Archangel Gabriel Monotheism – Allah Attracts followers in Mecca 5

The Quran Record of revelations received during visions Committed to writing ca. 650 C.E. (Muhammad dies 632 C.E.) Tradition of Muhammad’s life: hadith 6

Conflict at Mecca Muhammad’s monotheistic teachings offensive to polytheistic pagans Economic threat to existing religious industry Denunciation of greed was affront to local aristocracy 7

The Hijra Muhammad flees to Yathrib (Medina) 622 C.E.  Year 0 in Muslim calendar Organizes followers into communal society (the umma) Legal, spiritual code Commerce, raids on Meccan caravans for sake of umma 8

The “Seal of the Prophets” Muhammad – the final prophet Accepted the authority of Abraham, Moses, and Jesus Held in high esteem Hebrew scriptures and the Christian New Testament Muhammad had been entrusted a more complete revelation, one that communicated Allah’s plan for the world 9

Muhammad’s Return to Mecca Attack on Mecca, 630 C.E. Conversion of Mecca to Islam Destruction of pagan sites, replaced with mosques  Ka’ba preserved in honor of importance of Mecca  Approved as pilgrimage site 10

The Ka’ba 11

The Five Pillars of Islam No god but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet Daily prayer Fasting during Ramadan Charity Pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj) 12

Muslims at Prayer 13

Jihad “Struggle”  Against vice  Against ignorance of Islam “Holy war”  Against unbelievers who threaten Islam 14

Jihad With your pod, read the primary source and discuss the questions included. As always, be prepared to share your responses. 15

Islamic Law: The Sharia Codification of Islamic law Based on Quran, hadith, logical schools of analysis Extends beyond ritual law to all areas of human activity 16

The Caliph No clear to successor to Muhammad identified Abu Bakr chosen to lead as caliph Led war against villagers who abandoned Islam after death of Muhammad 17

The Expansion of Islam Highly successful attacks on Byzantine, Sasanid territories Difficulties governing rapidly expanding territory 18

The Expansion of Islam, C.E. 19

The Shia Disagreements over selection of caliphs Ali passed over for Abu Bakr Served as caliph C.E., then assassinated along with most of his followers Remaining followers organize separate party called “Shia” Traditionalists: Sunni 20

Shi’ite Pilgrims at Karbala 21

The Umayyad Dynasty ( C.E.) From Meccan merchant class Brought stability to the Islamic community Capital: Damascus, Syria Associated with Arab military aristocracy 22

Policy toward Conquered Peoples Favoritism of Arab military rulers causes discontent Limited social mobility for non-Arab Muslims Head tax (jizya) on non-Muslims Umayyad luxurious living causes further decline in moral authority 23

The Abbasid Dynasty ( C.E.) Abu al-Abbas, Sunni Arab, allied with Shia, non- Arab Muslims Seizes control of Persia and Mesopotamia Defeats Umayyad army in 750 C.E.  Invited Umayyads to banquet, then massacred them 24

Nature of the Abbasid Dynasty Diverse nature of administration (i.e. not exclusively Arab) Militarily competent, but not bent on imperial expansion Content to administer the empire they had inherited Dar al-Islam Growth through military activity of autonomous Islamic forces 25

Abbasid Administration Persian influence Court at Baghdad Influence of Islamic scholars Ulama and qadis sought to develop policy based on the Quran and sharia 26

Caliph Harun al-Rashid ( C.E.) High point of Abbasid dynasty Baghdad center of commerce Great cultural activity 27

Baghdad under the Abbasids With your pod, read the primary source to learn about life in the early Islamic world. Discuss the questions included and be prepared to share your findings with your classmates. 28

Abbasid Decline Civil war between sons of Harun al-Rashid Provincial governors assert regional independence Dissenting sects, heretical movements Abbasid caliphs become puppets of Persian nobility Later, Saljuq Turks influence; sultan real power behind the throne 29

Economy of the Early Islamic World Spread of food and industrial crops  Trade routes from India to Spain Western diet adapts to wide variety New crops adapted to different growing seasons  Agricultural sciences develop  Cotton, paper industries develop Major cities emerge 30

Hemispheric Trading Zone Historical precedent of Arabic trade Dar al-Islam encompasses silk routes  Ice exported from Syria to Egypt in summer, tenth century Camel caravans Maritime trade 31

Banking and Trade Scale of trade causes banks to develop  Sakk (“check”) Uniformity of Islamic law throughout dar al- Islam promotes trade Joint ventures common 32

Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain) Muslim Berber conquerors from north Africa take Spain, early eighth century Allied to Umayyads, refused to recognize Abbasid dynasty  Formed own caliphate  Tensions, but interrelationship 33

Changing Status of Women Quran improves status of women  Outlawed female infanticide  Brides, not husbands, claim dowries Yet male dominance preserved  Patrilineal descent  Polygamy permitted, polyandry forbidden  Veil adopted from ancient Mesopotamian practice 34

Formation of an Islamic Cultural Tradition Islamic values  Uniformity of Islamic law in dar al-Islam  Establishment of madrasas  Importance of the hajj Sufi missionaries  Asceticism, mysticism  Some tension with orthodox Islamic theologians  Wide popularity 35

Al-Ghazali ( ) Major Sufi thinker from Persia Impossibility of intellectual apprehension of Allah, devotion, mystical ecstasy instead 36

Cultural Influences on Islam Persia  Administration and governance  literature India  Mathematics, science, medicine “Hindi” numbers Greece  Philosophy, especially Aristotle  Ibn Rushd/Averroes ( ) 37