Valencia 30th November 2012 Nuclear Structure and Dynamics present status and perspectives ---- Department of Physics University of Jyväskylä – JYFL Finland Rauno Julin Viernes IVICFA de Física Experimental, 30 Nov 2012

Nuclear structure physics Probing of a rich variety of quantum phenomena … … and even more in the untouched 6000 nuclei Diverse field Need a diverse set of tools, both theoretical and experimental diverse field WG3 Valencia 30th November 2012 ”With the start-up of new and the upgrade of existing Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) facilities and innovative techniques, nuclear research stands on a verge of a new era”

Valencia 30th November 2012 Number of isotopes discovered

European Nuclear Science and Applications Research Integrating Activity of EU-FP7 for European nuclear structure research ALTO – Orsay SIB, (RIB) GANIL – Caen RIB, SIB GSI – Darmstadt RIB, SIB ISOLDE – CERN RIB JYFL – Jyväskylä SIB, (RIB) KVI – Groningen SIB LNL – Legnaro SIB, (RIB) LNS – Catania SIB, (RIB) ENSAR laboratories RIB - Radioactive Ion Beam SIB - Stable Ion Beam Joint experiments at RIKEN, TRIUMF and labs in USA Valencia 30th November 2012 Coordination Nuclear Physics European Collaboration Committee ERANET

Recommendations Roadmap for construction of Nuclear Physics research infrastructures in Europe Valencia 30th November 2012 NuPECC Long Range Plan  Hadron Physics  Phases of Srongly Interacting Matter  Nuclear Structure and Dynamics  Nuclear Astrophysics *  Fundamental Interactions  Nuclear Physics Tools and Applications *the talk by Cesar Doming Pardo

SISSI/GANIL, France FRS/GSI  Super FRS/FAIR, Germany RIBS/RIKEN, Japan NSCL/MSU, USA SPIRAL  SPIRAL2/GANIL, France REXISOLDE  HIEISOLDE/CERN SPES/INFN, Italy ISAC  ISAC2/TRIUMF, Canada FRIB, USA High energy, large variety of species, poor optical qualities Low energy, chemistry is difficult, good beam qualities Two complementary methods Valencia 30th November 2012 RIB production

Timelines for the RIB facilities for nuclear structure and dynamics RIB roadmap ESFRI Stable ion beams along the NuPECC-ECOS report Valencia 30th November 2012 Roadmap

new state-off-the-art gamma-ray and particle detector arrays under construction…... to be combined with other spectrometer systems Valencia 30th November 2012 Instrumentation Best organized: AGATA project Autumn 2012: Early implementation at GSI Project Manager: Andres Gadea

European Gammapool – Japan cooperation Former EUROBALL- detectors at RIBF of RIKEN in EURICA array Valencia 30th November 2012 International collaboration

Key questions  How can we describe the rich variety of low-energy structure and reactions of nuclei in terms of the underlying fundamental interactions between individual particles?  How can we predict the evolution of nuclear collective and single-particle properties as functions of mass and isospin, angular momentum and temperature?  How do regular and simple patterns emerge in the structure of complex nuclei?  What are the relevant low-energy degrees of freedom that govern nuclear dynamics? WG3 Nuclear structure and dynamics Valencia 30th November 2012

Protons Neutrons identified nuclei 126 terra incognita stable nuclei super-heavy nuclei super-heavy nuclei Valencia 30th November 2012 Nuclear landscape  Limits for the existence of nuclei  Origin of the elements

Theory Initiative of the NuPECC LRP 2010  Integrating theory into the European nuclear physics infrastructure  The large infrastructures should invest more into theory projects ``Searching for a universal description of nuclear properties far from stability ´´ Valencia 30th November 2012 the challenge for theory Density functional theory Configuration interaction Ab initio

 Linking nucleons with nuclei  Weakly bound and unbound states  Haloes, clusters and few-body correlations Valencia 30th November 2012 onset of complexity - light nuclei

 Quantum Monte Carlo (GFMC)  No-Core Shell Model (NCSM)  Coupled-Cluster Techniques (CCM)  Quantum Monte Carlo (GFMC)  No-Core Shell Model (NCSM)  Coupled-Cluster Techniques (CCM) Ab initio: Valencia 30th November 2012 light nuclei – onset of complexity Ab initio calculations of 12 C E(th)=93.5(6) MeV E(ex)=92.16 MeV

  Q 2 = -287 keV   + 8 Be Hoyle state 2 + ? Character of the Hoyle state in 12 C ? 4 + ? Rotation of a strongly deformed cluster nucleus ? Valencia 30th November 2012 light nuclei – onset of complexity

Valencia 30th November Li Precision measurements provide stringent test of nuclear models nuclear radius (fm) 11 Be light nuclei – onset of complexity Large light nuclei - Halo phenomenon 208 Pb

Higher RIB intensities and next generation instrumentation are required to study weakly bound states and to explore the drip-lines towards heavier elements. As a resonance in the 12 C( 8 He, 7 H) 13 N reaction at 15 MeV/u The active target MAYA. 7 H identification Valencia 30th November 2012 light nuclei – onset of complexity The system with the highest N/Z ever produced is 7 H 6 GANIL

 Changing shell structure  Proton-neutron symmetric nuclear matter  Proton-neutron pairing and pairing at high isospin values Shell structure and isospin degree of freedom WG3 Valencia 30th November 2012

Collaps of the N = 28 shell closure in 42 Si  0 + : 770 keV Wide range of intense RIBs, high-efficiency separators and gamma-ray arrays needed to probe new shell structures and isospin degree of freedom Valencia 30th November 2012 Shell structure and isospin degree of freedom SPEG (  ~100%) SISSI Secondary beams I( 48 Ca) ~ 4 mAe - 60 A.MeV C and Ta production targets (~180 mg/cm 2 ) 44 S IN EE TOF 40 Si OUT 42 Si EE M/Q 48 Ca  44 S 44 S  42 Si GANIL

Exotic RIBs up to high energies and innovative spectrometer systems for kinematically complete measurements R3B Knock-out reactions at high energies with RIB in inverse kinematics Quasi-free scattering Valencia 30th November 2012 GSI - FAIR

Observation of a strong quenching of the single-particle strength as a function of asymmetry of the neutron and proton separation energy WG3 Origin unclear ? Valencia 30th November 2012 Proton - neutron symmetric nuclear matter

Beam direction 7T superconducting magnet and Penning traps ToF detector Resolution with a Penning trap routinely few tens of keV if required few tens of eV (dm/m < 1·10 -9 ) Nuclear mass measurements Valencia 30th November 2012 Ion trap JYFL

Q-values of rare beta decays...Standard model Astrophysical rp and p-process Nuclear shell gaps and shape evolution Accurate measurements of nuclear masses provide input and critical test for nuclear models, nuclear astrophysics and standard model N = 50 Valencia 30th November 2012 Mass measurements  N = 50 gap survives Masses of exotic nuclei

Probing nuclei with lasers Reading elemental (isotopic) fingerprints with tunable lasers Laser beams Experiments Mass separation Target Hot Cavity Extractor Ion Source Reaction products (neutral) Ions Protons Target material 60 kV Isotope shift (IS), hyperfine splitting (HFS) techniques Scanning the laser frequency of the first/second step – selective ionisation of a particular isotope (or an isomer) Valencia 30th November 2012 CERN-ISOLDE

Valencia 30th November 2012 Charge Radii in Au-Po isotopes from isotope shifts Shape coexistence near Z = 82 N = 104 Z = 82 Strong deviations from smooth behaviour CERN-ISOLDE

  , p …     prompt events delayed events tagged with Probing drip-line nuclei with Recoil-Decay-Tagging (RDT) Ge array Focal plane detectors Separator Beam JYFL 92 Mo( 90 Zr,2n) 180 Pb

Valencia 30th November Pb Oblate Prolate Potential Energy Surface for 186 Pb Spherical Prolate Oblate Spherical Level systematics of even-A Pb nuclei N = Pb Shape coexistence near Z = 82  Influence on nuclear ground-state properties

 New elements  Reaction dynamics  Spectroscopy  Masses and atomic structures  Fission times  Chemistry  Towards neutron rich SHE Z=112: Copernicium very volatile noble metal! Valencia 30th November 2012 Thanks to the shell effects Super-heavy elements GSI

produced in reaction 209 Bi( 70 Zn,n) Valencia 30th November 2012 Super-heavy elements 3 events, 553 days, σ = 22fb! RIKEN

Hot-fusion cross-sections 1 pbarn Y. Oganessian et al. 48Ca + 249Bk Valencia 30th November 2012 Super-heavy elements Cross-sections do not go down ! JIRN Dubna

Moment of Inertia J (1)  no Z = 104 shell gap ! Why is 256 Rf 152 = 254 No 252 ? Valencia 30th November 2012 Super-heavy elements Shell-structure and pairing interaction in superheavy nuclei: Rotational properties of the Z = 104 nucleus 256 Rf γ rays At the high-Z limit of in-beam spectroscopy:  208 Pb( 50 Ti,2n) 256 Rf - 17nbarn  High rates with digital electronics Fission tagging γ rays 50 Ti beam JYFL

Valencia 30th November 2012 Not allowed in Standard Model Neutrino is a massive Majorana fermion 0  : (A,Z) → (A,Z+2) + 2e- Accurate nuclear masses needed to extract Q  Applications in other fields Neutrinoless double beta-decay 0  JYFL

8 % of the heat produced in a nuclear power plant is released in the beta decay of fission products Beta decay does not stop when the fission is shut off First 15 minutes after reactor shutoff are crucial Mass separated ion beam of fission products (ION TRAP) Scintillation detector for gamma rays Beta detector Total absorption spectrometry (TAS) Beta decay heat Applications in other fields A. Algora et al. - Valencia

Measurement of the beta decay of 101 Nb, 105 Mo, 102,104,105,106,107 Tc isotopes First trap-assisted TAS measurement Valencia 30th November 2012 Applications in other fields

Electromagnetic decay heat component for 239 Pu before and after the inclusion of the new measurements Valencia 30th November 2012 Applications in other fields More far-reaching consequences:

 income of 600k€/year at JYFL Radiation tests of space electronics Cocktail beams (ECR development) Membrane filter production Irradiation of thin polmer films with heavy ions for health and car industries. Valencia 30th November 2012 Industrial applications JYFL

Testing space electronics Nanofilters Medical radioisotopes JYFL-ACCLAB - accredited ESA test site  Income of > € a year Valencia 30th November 2012 Industrial applications Example : JYFL-ACCLAB, Finland Thank You Outreach and societal impact