I). Earth’s Early Atmoshphere had very little free oxygen Contain: methane, CO2, H2O, Nitrogen, Ammonia, and Carbon Monoxide Changes are constantly occurring … we notice them during volcanoes and earthquakes.

AGE OF THE EARTH 4.6 Billion yrs. PALENTOLOGIST: Study fossils to understand the Earth’s origin FOSSILS: Preserved remnant or remains of an organism that lived many years ago

II). THE ORGIN OF LIFE Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis): The idea that nonliving material can produce living organisms Biogenesis: The idea that living organisms come only from other living organisms.

FAMOUS SCIENTIST Redi—Experiment using the jars and meat. (p. 380)—disproved spontaneous generation in large organisms Pasteur- Experiment using the S-Shaped Flask that remained germ free (p. 381)— disproved spontaneous generation in microorganisms

Oparin’s Theory Suggested energy from the sun, lightning triggered chemical reactions to produce small organic molecules from the substances present in the atmosphere. The rain washed these into the ocean. Called “ORGANIC SOUP” or Primordial Soup”

MILLER AND UREY Experiment p. 382 Tested Oparin’s hypothesis by simulating the conditions of early Earth in a laboratory The experiment made a Protocell Protocell: A ordered structure, enclosed in a membrane, that carries out some life functions

ENDOSYMBIONT THEORY P. 385 Proposes that eukaryotes evolved through a symbiotic relationship between ancient prokaryotes.

III). Theory of Evolution Evolution is the change in populations over time Evolution is supported by: – Observation – Experimentation – Embryology – Comparative Anatomy (Homologous and Analougous Structures) – Fossils

Evidence of Evolution 1.Fossils-----Preserved remnant or remains of an organism that lived many years ago TRACE CAST (FILLED) MOLD (EMPTY) IMPRINTS AMBER OR ICE

2.Anatomical Structures----Science comparing the structures of living things

A. Homologous Structures:  Structures that come from the same origin  homo- = same  -logous = information  Forelimbs of human, cats, whales, & bats  same structure on the inside  same development in embryo  different functions on the outside  evidence of common ancestor

Compare the bones  The same bones under the skin  limbs that perform different functions are built from the same bones How could these very different animals have the same bones?

B. Analogous Structures:  look similar on the outside  same function  different structure & development on the inside  different origin  no evolutionary relationship

Analogous Structures cont.  Dolphins: aquatic mammal  Fish: aquatic vertebrate  both adapted to life in the sea  not closely related

C. Embryology:  Development of embryo tells an evolutionary story  similar structures during development all vertebrate embryos have a “gill pouch” at one stage of development

D. Vestigial Organs: Structures on modern animals that have no function  remains of structures that were functional in ancestors  evidence of change over time  some snakes & whales have pelvis bones & leg bones of walking ancestors  eyes on blind cave fish  human tail bone

3. Molecular record LampreyFrogBird Dog MacaqueHuman  Comparing genetic information (sequence of amino acids); DNA Fingerprinting  everyone uses the same genetic code!  compare common genes  compare common proteins  compare common genes  compare common proteins number of amino acids different from human hemoglobin

IV). Charles Darwin—”Father of Evolution” Living things adapt and evolve to the environment over time Darwin recognized variations among members of certain species—sexual reproduction provides variation Some variations give organisms an advantage over others---these characteristics can be passed to offspring This is the idea known as “Natural Selection”

Darwin’s Finches

 Organisms produce more offspring than are able to survive  This results in competition for resources  “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”  Favorable variations are found more often in offspring. A. Natural Selection

An adaptation is any trait that improves an organism’s chance of survival Organisms best adapted will survive in their environment an reproduce This can also cause evolution to occur or even produce a new species

Natural Selection is the major cause of changes in the gene pool Mutation is a change in the structure of a gene or chromosome (change in DNA)

Types of Natural Selection: 1.Stabilizing Selection----favors average individuals. This type of selection reduces variation in a population

2.Directional Selection---favors one of the extreme variations of a trait and can lead to the rapid evolution of a population.

3.Disruptive Selection---favors both extreme variations of a trait, resulting eventually in no intermediate forms of the trait and leading to the evolution of two new species

Migration is the movement of individuals into and out of a population – Isolation: occurs when barriers separate organisms – Geographic Isolation: When a physical barrier divides a population (p. 409) – Reproductive Isolation: When formerly interbreeding organisms can no longer mate – Both often result in the development of a new species – Speciation: The evolution of new species

GRADUALISM : The idea that species originate through a gradual change of adaptations. – Evolution of new species occurs gradually over long period of time B). Rate of Evolution

When two or more related species become more and more dissimilar Divergent Evolution Divergent Evolution

When unrelated species become more and more similar as they adapt to the same environment Convergent Evolution Convergent Evolution

Co-evolution Two species evolving at the same time together

Adaptations- Inherited trait that increases an organism’s chance of survival because it provides a natural selection advantage

PLANTS & ANIMALS Roots: anchor plants and absorb water Desert plants: shallow roots to quickly absorb any rain Stem: provides support, transports water and nutrients, and hold leaves Leaves: site of photosynthesis, control exchange of gases and loss of water Mimicry: Copies or resembles another organism (enables some animals to look like dangerous animals) Camouflage: Blends in with their surrounding Predator/Prey Ex. Lion’ speed, jellyfish tentacles, bats’ detect sound, owls’ eyes capture light

Two of these are Bumblebees (with stingers) and two are Robber Flies (which also make a sound similar to the bees). (this will confuse a would be predator)

– we can recreate a similar process to natural selection – “evolution by human selection” C. Artificial Selection “descendants” of wild mustard

Artificial Selection gone bad!  Unexpected consequences of artificial selection Pesticide resistance Antibiotic resistance

Pesticide Resistance Spray the field, but… – insecticide didn’t kill all individuals variation – resistant survivors reproduce – resistance is inherited – insecticide becomes less & less effective

Antibacterial Resistance Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections Bacteria become resistant to the medicine (evolution) and passes that to offspring; new antibiotics have to be developed

D) Selective Breeding—humans choose what organisms to breed Humans create the change over time “descendants” of the wolf