Colonization & Conflict in the South, 1600-1750 Chapter 3

Colonization and Conflict, 1600-1750 Spain in North America England in the Chesapeake Crisis in the Chesapeake Changing Chesapeake Society The Caribbean to the Carolinas

Issues to Consider Compare and contrast French, British, and Spanish colonialism Native peoples and strategies of survival and resistance Different labor systems Cultural mixture and blending Growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade Deepening dependence on slavery in the south

Spain in North America Issues and Questions Goals of Spanish empire? Main institutions? Labor systems? Relations with native people?

Onate’s Trail and Present Day NM

Spain and “New Mexico” Native peoples throughout the region (Puebloan peoples) Agriculture and little rain Densely populated communities Coronado’s failed expeditions Spain wanted permanent colonies Don Juan de Onate Miscalculated proximity of NM to Pacific Ocean Route northward 1598

Spanish Institutions Presidios (Military/State) Explore Trade “Defend” Subdue Indians -Onate 1590, Acoma Missions (Church) Franciscans & Jesuits Conversion Indian Labor

Spanish Colonial Labor Encomienda -Tribute & labor given to an encomendero Repartimiento -Guaranteed Indian labor to Spanish for public projects Rescate -Ransomed Indian captives worked for Spanish

Missions and military presidios by 1700s Spanish Borderlands Missions and military presidios by 1700s

The Pueblo Revolt, 1680 The mid 1600’s Religion Environment Native divisions Labor

Pedro Naranjo Who was Pedro Naranjo? Why was he speaking with Spaniards? Had Pueblos previously rebelled? What factors led to the Revolt? How did the Spanish refer to Pueblo religious leaders, culture and traditions? How did Pueblos plan and implement the Revolt? What were the goals of the Revolt? What does this Revolt tell you about Indigenous views of European conquest?

Scope of the Revolt Taos Pueblo Spread Destruction Area Impact Pope’ Franciscans Spanish retreat Tiguas Expelled Spanish 1692/3

Significance? Largest revolt in North America Longest rebellion Expelled Spanish Spanish accommodated after 1692 “reconquista” of De Vargas Divisions among Pueblos Ysleta del Sur

Taos today

Main Themes of British Colonization Mercantilism Late Arrivals Violence and Indians Social stratification Land, colonize, exclude Experience with Ireland

British Colonies on the Eastern Coast

The English in the Chesapeake Mercantilism The state/crown helps improve trade between British chartered “businesses” and foreign groups Fueled search for colonies, as “domestic” producers and suppliers of raw materials. Avoided the need for trade disputes and importation Joint Stock Company Investors pooled money and bought “stock” or “part” of a business, received a “share” of profit if successful.

The English in the Chesapeake Virginia Company Jamestown, VA Headright System If you paid for people (a head) to come with you, you received land Indentures Poor workers sold labor (contract) in exchange for travel to colonies

Jamestown, VA Jamestown “settlers” in 1607 Military, not farmers Capt. John Smith Almost died 1609/10 Head right System

Jamestown, VA

British-Native Relations Powhatan Confederacy Wahunsunacock A. 14,000 people B. Colonists stole corn C. Diseases D. Expanded onto Powhatan land E. Attacked in 1609-13

Pocahontas British Captured and held her hostage Pocahontas, daughter of Powhatan, married John Rolfe --Allegedly saved John Smith several times Renamed Rebecca, but died in 1617

Native Responses Opechancanough (brother of Powhatan) -Warfare through 1620s -Destroyed Virginia Co. -Colonists kept coming -Patterns of conflict

British Chesapeake in Crisis Growth of tobacco / plantation economy Newly freed servants wanted land, British changed policies and limited freedoms, angered ex-servants Trespassed Indian lands as they searched for land 1676 conflict grew between Indians defending land and expanding colony

Bacon’s Rebellion, 1675-6 Free servants & wealthy migrants attacked Susquehannocks react Nathaniel Bacon Attacked Indians Rebels against Gov Berkeley and Jamestown, VA Slavery of Indians Race, region, class

A Changing Chesapeake Society Shifts from indentured servitude to slavery Africans and poor Europeans, fewer Europeans, more Africans Growth of the Atlantic Slave Trade Increasing reliance on “cash crops” such as tobacco, sugar, rice, etc

Atlantic Slave Trade

Slavery and RACE Color, culture, region merged with labor status to create the idea of “race” Europeans said the “African race” was better fitted for hard labor, less intelligent, etc. Virginia and other colonies passed slave codes enforcing the slavery and slave status of Africans

Atlantic Slave Trade and West Africa

The Caribbean to the Carolinas British West Indies Stepping stone to the Carolinas Violence, mortality, slavery Sugar cultivation Late 1600s / early 1700s Strengthened an economy based on slavery

Church/state/military Comparisons Britain Late arrivals Smaller colonies Corporations Families “Exclusive” Proprietary colonies Land and Property Spain Large Institutions Bureaucracy Church/state/military Encomendero Indian Labor Mestizo “Inclusion”

Conclusions Indigenous peoples resisted and cooperated with Europeans Tension over issues of land, labor, religion Early colonial history must take into account the relationships between European colonizers and the Native People, and the relationships between Native people. Early years of the slave trade: started with Indians, moved to indentured servants, and then the transatlantic slave trade Ties between labor, culture, “race”