1 st Slave in America The real story. How did slavery begin in the colonies??? Indentured servitude: - Poor people needed a way to have an opportunity.

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Presentation transcript:

1 st Slave in America The real story

How did slavery begin in the colonies??? Indentured servitude: - Poor people needed a way to have an opportunity for potential wealth and prosperity so they became “indentured servants”. - They would work for free for a contracted period of time to pay for the “expenses incurred” to bring them to the “New World”. It was an opportunity that they couldn’t refuse.

Indentured Servitude Only non-Christians were indentured servants. If you became a Christian, you were immediately released from service. After working out their contracts for passage money to Virginia, each was granted 50 acres of land when they completed their indentures, so they could raise their own tobacco or other crops…and a gun. (Freedom dues) Most important of these dues was…FREEEDOM.

How did blacks enter the equation? Indentured servants were primarily white. There were no black indentured servants until the year 1619.

Primary source: John Rolfe document

After their time as servants, they were released and given their “freedom dues”. Some of the former black indentured servants actually hired new indentured servants for themselves.

Anthony Johnson His original name was “Antonio” and he was an indentured servant…one of the original indentured "20 and odd negroes" brought to Jamestown after arriving at Cape Comfort in August After being freed, he got land, a gun, got married and began to hire indentured servants of his own…one of which was a black man named John Casor.

Meanwhile… There was a court case in Virginia being decided in 1640… 3 indentured servants escaped and were caught. (2 were white…1 was black) The court decided that 2 of them would have their service extended 4 years and 1 would be extended for LIFE!!! Life = slavery So this was the 1 st precedent...

Primary Source (John Punch) 9th of July, 1640 Virginia. “Whereas Hugh Gwyn hath by order from this Board Brought back from Maryland three servants formerly run away from the said Gwyn, the court doth therefore order that the said three servants shall receive the punishment of whipping and to have thirty stripes apiece one called Victor, a Dutchman, the other a Scotchman called James Gregory, shall first serve out their times with their master according to their Indentures, and one whole year apiece after the time of their service is Expired. By their said Indentures in recompense of his Loss sustained by their absence and after that service to their said master is Expired to serve the colony for three whole years apiece,…” “And that the third being a negro named John Punch shall serve his said master or his assigns for the time of his natural Life here or elsewhere.”

John Punch precedent So, we can see from the 1640 court precedent, that if you are an escaped servant, you can be sentenced to “slavery” for punishment.

Now, back to Anthony Johnson John Casor’s service contract was up and he sued for his freedom dues. Johnson blocked it…he argued that it would hurt him financially. So it went to court in 1655.

Anthony Johnson sued to make John Casor his slave (seeing that the court had already created “slavery”) “This daye Anthony Johnson negro made his complaint to the court against mr. Robert Parker and declared that hee deteyneth his servant John Casor negro under the pretence that said negro was a free man.” “The court seriously consideringe and maturely weighing the premisses, doe fynde that the saide Mr. Robert Parker most unjustly keepeth the said Negro from Anthony Johnson his master...” “It is therefore the Judgement of the Court and ordered That the said John Casor Negro forthwith returne unto the service of the said master Anthony Johnson, And that Mr. Robert Parker make payment of all charges in the suit.” The court actually created the first LEGAL slave by agreeing to send Casor back to Johnson.

Now slavery was legal in certain instances… (escape and economic hardships) Tobacco farmers argued that tobacco would be cheaper and it would help the economy if indentured servants were not allowed to leave or allowed to own property… The government then began passing laws LIMITING the ability of indentured servants to own land. The indentured servants flipped out!!! Bacon’s rebellion!!!

Bacon’s Rebellion

After Bacon’s Rebellion… The government then cracked down and began making new laws against freeing indentured servants.

1662 Virginia Law Enacted a law which said that all children born to a slave mother would ALSO be a slave. “WHEREAS some doubts have arrisen whether children got by any Englishman upon a negro woman should be slave or ffree, Be it therefore enacted and declared by this present grand assembly, that all children borne in this country shalbe held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother, And that if any christian shall committ ffornication with a negro man or woman, hee or shee soe offending shall pay double the ffines imposed by the former act.” Slavery as an institution was created by GOVERNMENT!!! But why black slaves???

By the way…what happened to the 1 st slave owner, Anthony Johnson???

Anthony Johnson died… But…in a twist of irony: In August of 1670, several months after Anthony Johnson's death, a jury in a Virginia court decided that, because "he (Anthony Johnson) was a Negro and by consequence an alien," ownership of the 250 acres Johnson once owned should be escheated, or reverted, to England. Anthony and Mary Johnson had sold 200 acres of this land to two white settlers; the other 50 they gave to their son, Richard, who soon thereafter sold the land to another white settler.

Court Document (1670)

1670 court document text: “By virtue of a writt granted to me from [names listed here, which are illegible] John Stringer Escheator for the countys of Northhampton and Accomack to enquire what lands Anthonio Johnson late of Accomack County either in his life tyme... a jury of free... in the said Accomack County to enquire... doth declare that the said Anthony Johnson lately deceased in his life tyme was seized of fifty acres of land now in the possession of Rich. Johnson in the County of Accomack aforesaid and further that the said Anthony Johnson was a negro and by consequence an alien and for that cause the said land doth escheat to this...” Wow!!!!