ESSENTIAL QUESTION HOW DID HUMAN LIFE CHANGE AS A RESULT OF AGRICULTURE?

myStory DO NOW What should governments do? Areas of Government Involvement SchoolHome In My Community Beyond My Community

Early Agriculture reliable—adj., dependable; steady; not risky Carol is very reliable and has never been late to work. benefit—n., gain; favorable result One benefit of exercise is that you become healthier. Academic Vocabulary

Early Agriculture Human life changed dramatically when people learned to domesticate plants and animals. Farming enabled people to settle in one place and develop specialized skills. Key Ideas

Early Agriculture revolution—a complete change in ways of thinking, working, or living domesticate—to change the growth of plants or behavior of animals in ways that are useful for humans Key Terms

Early Agriculture About 10,000 years ago, humans learned to farm. Over time most hunter-gatherers stopped wandering in search of food. They settled in one place. WHY? The change from hunting to farming is called the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution. How was the Neolithic Era different from the Paleolithic Era?

Early Agriculture Natural Changes After the Last Ice Age Temperatures increased and rainfall patterns changed. Glaciers began to shrink. Ocean levels rose. Land was covered by water in some places. Some plants and animals died. Some moved to new places.

Domesticated plants and animals provided a reliable source of food. Over time, these plants and animals produced more and better food than the wild versions. Farming led people to invent new tools. Early Agriculture Effects of Domestication

Domestication -By manipulating plants and animals, people were able to change them to serve a particular purpose. This is called domestication. - By planting reliable crops like wheat, rice and maize; people were able to avoid starvation by creating a dependable food source. - By keeping animals like cows and goats; people had access not only to meat, but also milk. - Horses and oxen were used as machinery; pulling plows and carts. - For clothing, people could sheer the thick coats of hair off sheep and llamas.

Why do you think learning to farm was such an important change for early human society? How did Earth’s climate, land, and water change at the end of the last Ice Age? How did humans change? What are some differences between wild and domesticated plants and animals? Early Agriculture The Birth of Farming

Early Agriculture How did farming spread?

Early Agriculture Costs and Benefits of Farming Costs Time and energy for planting and herding Uncertainty due to weather or disease Danger of attack or theft Food surplus Smaller land needs Change to build permanent homes New materials for clothing Benefits

Early Agriculture Çatalhöyük READ PAGE 87 One of the oldest known farming villages Home to a few thousand people Attached private dwellings with no large public buildings Evidence of shared religious rituals Catalhoyuk

Early Agriculture How Agriculture Changed Society Birth of farming

Cities and Civilizations How do people and communities change as they grow?

Cities and Civilizations distribute—v., to divide and give out Mr. Kent gave the activity cards to Jean to distribute among the students. established—adj., set up officially The United States was established in 1776 when the colonies declared independence from Great Britain. Academic Vocabulary

Cities and Civilizations economy—the system that a community uses to produce and distribute goods and service civilization—complex society that has cities, a well-organized government, and workers with specialized job skills Key Terms

Cities and Civilizations resource—a supply of something that can be used as needed religion—a set of shared beliefs about supernatural powers that created and rule the world social classes—groups of people that occupy different ranks or levels in society Key Terms

Cities and Civilizations As populations grew, farming villages developed into cities. In several fertile river valleys, cities gave rise to ancient civilizations. Early civilizations all had certain features in common. Key Ideas

Cities and Civilizations Uruk was much larger with many more people. Uruk had complex government instead of village councils. Uruk had a more complex economy, based on trade and farming instead of just farming. How was Uruk different from Çatalhöyük?

Cities and Civilizations What are the features of early civilizations?

Cities and Civilizations Grew from villages as food supply and population increased; and Became centers of religion, government, and culture. Organized Governments Managed society’s resources for the benefit of everyone; and Could form and train an army for defense or expansion. Cities

Cities and Civilizations Shared beliefs about supernatural powers that created and ruled the world; and Often linked to government, which then ruled by claiming to have power from gods. Job Specialization Resulted due to surplus food. People could take on other jobs than farming, becoming priests, rulers, soldiers, or craftworkers; and Meant that people could develop skills and talents that helped the civilization grow. Established Religion

Cities and Civilizations Groups of people with different ranks or levels in society Pyramid structure with priests and rulers at the top, farmers, merchants, skilled workers in the middle; slaves at the bottom Public Works Government-organized building projects such as roads, water systems, structures Projects that benefited society as a whole Social Classes

Cities and Civilizations Magnificent temples, tombs, and palaces, some of which were for public purposes Statues, paintings, craft objects, music, and writingsWriting Record keeping for agriculture Records of laws, prayers, and the mighty deeds of rulers Arts and Architecture

Cities and Civilizations Eight Features of Civilization Cities Organized Government EstablishedReligion Job Specialization Social Classes PublicWorks Arts and Architecture Writing