F(aB) O t R 1/23 P R B Passive Resistance Begins 1/23 P o H-P 1-11/23 S m C 8/23 S i F M 23/29 D P 4/23 L P 10/25 Treaty of Berlin 4/26 I-A M C C w 1926 G J LoN 9/26 G S D 10/29 W S C 10/29 R H A Y P 12/29 Y P 6/29

No.Event/incident No.Description 1Erfullingspolitik Germany was granted a permanent seat on the Council of this organisation in It held no real power but was symbolic: showing that they had been accepted by the international community. 2Rentenmark The Inter-Allied Military Control Commission was withdrawn in In 1929, they agreed to remove all remaining forces from the Rhineland by 1930 (five years ahead of schedule). 3Unemployment insurance Signed in 1926, this agreement between Belgium, France and Germany agreed not to challenge the borders set out under the Treaty of Versailles. 4Allied occupation forces This plan reduced the annual payments of reparations, and that the French and Belgians would leave the Ruhr. BUT it involved the use of the German railway system as collateral and foreign control of the national bank. 5Foreign investment Prices in this industry fell and there was widespread debt. 6Imports and exports There was nearly 5 billions dollars invested in Germany between BUT if this money was suddenly withdrawn, the economy would be very vulnerable. 7League of Nations Replaced the stop-gap Dawes Plan. Liability reduced from 132 billion marks to 37 billion marks. Foreign controls were ended. Payments were eventually discontinued altogether in Agriculture The 1927 Labour Exchanges and Unemployment Insurance Act set up a widespread system of unemployment insurance financed by employers, the workers and the state. It was largely funded by deficit financing. 9Mittlestand Policy of fulfilment which involved cooperating with the Allies in the hope that concessions would be granted later. 10Young Plan Exports were 40% higher in 1929 than they were in 1925 BUT was accompanied by a surge in imports. In it was importing more than it was exporting (a trade deficit). 11Dawes Plan This replaced the existing mark and it was issued in limited quantities. 12Locarno Treaty This sector of society became more hostile due to the apparent improvement in the status of the working classes. They nicknamed the Weimar government the ‘trade- union state’. 13Pact of Paris (Kellogg-Briand Pact) This was signed by 60 nations in 1928 and agreed that peace was preferable to war.

Learning Objectives To understand the development of culture in the period To understand the issue of politics in the period

ART ‘new objectivity’ Ordinary people Georg Grosz and Otto Dix Political and social Seedy, ugly and aggressive style ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN Bauhaus school Walter Gropius Weimar Functional ‘Art and Technology – a new unity’ Materials LITERATURE Rich range The Magic Mountain Hans Grimm Avant garde All Quiet on the Western Front Berlin Alexanderplatz THEATRE Large audiences Zeittheater Left-wing Bertolt Brecht Techniques FILM, RADIO AND CABARET 1920s Cinemas Metropolis UFA Charlie Chaplin German Radio Company Permissiveness Neue Sachlichkeit -

Conflict of Cultures? All too easy to assume that Weimar was an exciting and vibrant era. There were still writers and intellectuals who were very conservative and rejected these new ideas. Some enjoyed and appreciated the cultural experimentation. BUT others were horrified by what they saw as the decline in moral and cultural standards. Weimar culture never established a genuinely tolerant attitude. The avant garde and conservatives were clearly opposed to each other. BUT both took advantage of the new freedoms to criticise Weimar too. This is evidence that Weimar society was coming increasingly polarised even before the economic problems of 1929.

Weimar A deceptive stability? Foreign affairs A divided society Unstable economyPolitical division