Developing a National Identity Chapter 3

Question ► Which do you think is more important, the interests of individual states, or the interest of the National Government as a whole. Why?

I. From Nationalism to Sectionalism ► A. A Bold Move  Early 1800s, Revolutions around the world  1. South America ► Breaking away from Spain ► a. James Monroe  Worried that Europeans would try to reclaim colonies  Monroe Doctrine  Said that U.S. was off-limits to European Countries

B. The Rise of Nationalism ► 1. Monroe Doctrine showed a growing spirit of Nationalism in America

► 2. Nationalism and Domestic Policy  a. Era of Good Feelings ► This was because of the nationalism in America  b. McCulloch v. Maryland ► - Chief Justice John Marshall said that nat’l gov’ts interests more important than state gov’ts  c. Gibbons v. Ogden ► - said that only the National gov’t could regulate trade between states (interstate commerce)

► 3. Nationalism and Foreign Affairs  a. Adams-Onis Treaty ► U.S. acquired Florida ► Also reset the boundary btwn U.S. and Spain ► Allowed U.S. to settle Oregon  b. Monroe Doctrine

► 4. Missouri Compromise  a. Equal # of states (22) ► 11 slave and 11 free  b. Missouri wants to become a slave state, which would upset the balance  c. the Compromise (1820) ► Missouri becomes a slave state, Maine is added as a free state  d. Sectionalism ► A growing problem ► Belief that one part of the country is more important than another

C. The Age of Jackson  1. Election of 1824 ► Jackson vs. John Quincy Adams ► The Democratic Party  2. Jackson’s presidency ► a. Conflict w/ Native Americans ► b. destroying the national bank ► c. Increasing nationalism

► 3. Indian Removal Act  a. Five Civilized Tribes ► -Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole, and Creek  b. Indian Removal Act ► Natives forced to relocate to Indian Territory (Oklahoma)  c. Trail of Tears

► 4. The National Bank  a. 2 nd Bank of the U.S. ► Been in existence since 1816 ► Jackson and democrats thought it was uncostitutional ► Believed in having state banks  b. Destruction of bank ► Jackson took all money out of n. bank and put it into state banks ► pet banks

► 5. Conflict Over States’ Rights  a. The Tariff ► Tax on foreign goods ► North liked tariffs, because they made money ► South hated it, because it raised prices on manufactured goods  b. Nullifcation Crisis ► 1832, Congress passed a higher tariff ► S.C. threatened to (Nullify) the law ► Also threatened to leave the Union ► Created the idea that a state could negate a federal law

D. The Industrial North  1. Industrial Revolution ► Began in Britain ► Birth of modern industry ► Work being done by machines ► Steam Engine

► 2. The North Industrializes  A. Samuel Slater ► brought the I.R. to America  B. Urbanization ► People moved into the cities for jobs

► 3. Transportation and Communication  a) Roads ► -by 1840 a series of roads connected most cities  b) Canals ► -Erie Canal opened in 1825 ► -Connected Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes  c) Railroads ► -1830, first steam- powered Railroad ► -The Railroad played a very important role in transportation and settling parts of America  d) The Telegraph ► -invented Samuel Morse ► -Sent electronic messages through lines

E. Cotton and the South ► 1. Eli Whitney  a) Cotton Gin ► -separated seeds from the cotton, which made cotton production increase dramatically ► More slaves needed  b) South became solely dependent on growing cotton

2. Differences btwn North and South ► North ► -Free States ► -Favored strong nat’l gov’t ► -Urban ► -Industrial ► -Strong transportation network ► South ► -Slave States ► -Favored strong state gov’ts ► -Rural ► -Agricultural ► -Weak transportation ► -dependent on slave labor

II. A Push for Reform ► ► A. Religion Sparks Reform   1. The 2 nd Great Awakening ► ► People going to church in record numbers in the 1800s   2. Different Ideas ► ► Salvation in People’s hands ► ► Not taught strict obedience to church rules or a minister ► ► People’s job to make the country better   3. Beginning of Abolition ► ► Anti-slavery

► ► 4. The Reform Era   SGA launched the Reform Era of the mid 1800s   People trying to change America

► ► 5. The Temperance Movement   eliminate or lessen the use of alcoholic beverages   Reformers linked alcohol to poverty, sickness, and the breakup of families

► 6. Education Reforms  a) Curriculum 3 “R”s ► Reading, Writing, aRithmetic  b) Characteristics ► In 1830, not all children went to school ► Kids of all ages were thrown into the same classes  c) Reason for education ► Educated children, meant wiser adults that made good decisions in the future

► ► 7. Prison Reforms   Prisons awful places in the 1800s   Housed not only criminals, but people with autism, down’s syndrome, etc.   a) Dorothea Dix ► ► Began a Campaign for prison reform ► ► Mass. She asked that hospitals be made for people with special needs ► ► Other states followed

► 8. Transcendentalism  knowledge was found through reason, intuition, and personal spiritual experience  a) Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ► Tried to rid themselves of material possessions

B. Early Immigration and Urban Reform ► ► 1. Immigrants in the 1800s   a) Irish ► ► Trying to escape poverty (potato famine) ► ► Catholic, not well-liked by Americans   b) Germans ► ► Wealthier and protestant ► ► Well-received by Americans

► 2. The Know Nothings  a) Anti-Immigrant feelings existed in America  b) the Know Nothing Party ► Anti-immigrant group ► Persecuted Irish because they were Catholic and poor

► ► 3. Reform in Cities and Industries   a) Urbanization ► ► Caused by Industrial Revolution   b) Tenements ► ► Crowded Apartments ► ► Unhealthy places to live ► ► Many reforms were passed to clean them up   c) Factory Life ► ► Many people worked in factories ► ► Low wages, long hours, unhealthy conditions ► ► People began to organize into Unions

C. Women in the Reform Era ► ► 1. Political Status 1800s   Women could not vote, hold public office, or serve on juries   Married women not allowed to own property   a) Reform Leaders ► ► Many women used their time to create reform groups

► ► 2. The Seneca Falls Convention   1 st women’s rights convention in America   a) Lucretia Mott ► ► a leading abolitionist   b) Elizabeth Cady Stanton ► ► Women’s rights activist ► ► Wrote the Declaration of Sentiments   C) Declaration of Sentiments ► ► said that men and women were created equal   d) Result ► ► Got people thinking about women’s rights

III. Expansion Leads to Conflict ► ► A. Manifest Destiny   America’s God-given right to settle from the Atlantic to the Pacific   1) Trails ► ► a) Santa Fe Trail   -from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe New Mexi ► ► b) Oregon Trail   led from Independence to Oregon Territory ► ► c) Mormon Trail   Mormons persecuted   Moved into Utah

► 2. The California Gold Rush  In 1848, gold was discovered in California  Caused mass migration into California  a) Forty-niners ► Miners who went to Ca. in 1849  b) Statehood ► Rapid population increase led to statehood in 1850  c) Boomtowns ► San Francisco, Sacramento, Stockton

► ► 3. Major Effects of Western Migration   a) Railroads ► ► Reduced the need for trails   b) Effects of Migration ► ► 1) The Oregon Treaty   James K. Polk bought Oregon Territory from the British   49 th Parallel the border btwn U.S. and British Canada

► 4. Communication Links  a) Mail ► Fastest way to send message ► 1) Pony Express  b) The Telegraph ► Made Pony Express Obsolete ► 5. Native Americans  Continued to be pushed off their land and sent into Indian Territory

B. The Texas Revolution ► ► 1. Beginnings of Texas   a) Native Americans   b) Owned by Spanish 1500s ► ► Set up missions   c) Americans ► ► 1) Moses Austin   Made a deal w/ Spain to create a colony in Texas ► ► 2) Stephen Austin   Created the colony in 1823   By 1824, 1,800 Americans lived in texas

► ► d) Mexicans   Independence from Spain in 1821   Controlled Texas, in Stephen Austin’s time   By 1830, nearly all settlers in Texas were American

► ► 2. Texas Revolution   a) Allegiance to Mexico ► ► Texans had to swear allegiance, become Catholic, and hold land for 7 years   b) Austin Arrested ► ► Austin asked Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna if he could buy Texas ► ► Santa Anna imprisoned him   c) Texas declares independence ► ► March 2, 1836

► d) The Alamo  Military storage of Mexico taken by Texans  Santa Anna sent 6,000 to take it back  March 6, 1836, they succeed ► e) Battle of San Jacinto  Texans defeat and capture Santa Anna ► f) The Republic of Texas

C. War With Mexico ► 1. Annexation of Texas  a) Sam Houston ► President of Texas ► Wanted the U.S. to annex Texas ► Southerners agreed because it was a slave state  b) Election of 1844 ► James K. Polk agreed to annex Texas

► ► 2. Causes of Mexican American War   a) Annexation angered Mexico   b) Polk wanted New Mexico, and California   c) Offer to buy New Mexico and California for $80 Million   d) Mexico declared war on May 13, 1846

► 3. The Republic of California  a) General Stephen Kearny ► Took New Mexico easily  b) Bear Flag Revolt ► Small group of Americans rebelled against Mexican government in Cali. On June 14, 1846 ► Called themselves the Republic of California ► A month later, U.S. forces secured it

► c) End of the War  General Winfield Scott ► Captured Mexico City, Sept ► Mexico surrenders

► ► 4. The Results of the War   a) Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1846) ► ► Ended the Mexican American War ► ► Mexico gave up Texas ► ► N.M., Cali, Nev, Utah, Col, Arz, Wyoming   b) Slavery ► ► Immediately, states are going to ask whether slavery should be allowed in these new lands ► ► This question will start the Civil War