 St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre  Huguenots slaughtered by Catholics  Catherine de Medici’s daughter marring Huguenot prince – Henry of Navarre  Most nobles died, Henry survives  Henry IV – Had to Rebuild France  Pressured into converting to Catholicism  Tries to help France more  Edict of Nantes  “Declared Huguenots could live in peace in France”  Some liked him (peace) some didn’t (religion)  Assassinated – Stabbed in a carriage

 Henry IV’s son – Weak ruler  Appointed Cardinal Richelieu (RISHuhloo)  Real Ruler of France  Took Action vs. Protestants – No Walls  No More Castles for Nobles  Increased Power of Gov’t Agents – Middle Class  Wanted World Power – Hapsburgs (Powerful Family)  Gets Involved in the Thirty Years’ War

 Skepticism  “Idea that nothing can be known for certain”  Michel de Montaigne  Essay  “Brief written work that expresses a person’s thoughts and opinions.”  New beliefs replace old ones – Never have absolute knowledge  René Descartes  “Father of Modern Philosophy” (and Math too…)  Scientific Method  “I think, therefore, I am”

 Most Powerful Ruler in French History  14-years old  Cardinal Mazarin (MazuhRAN)  Ended the Thirty Years’ War   Taxes & Strengthened Cent. Gov’t  Many People Hated Him for This (Nobles)  Attempt a Rebellion, but Fail  1 – Distrusted leaders more than Mazarin  2 – Violent Repression  3 – Peasants Hated Fighting – Alternative (Rebellion) Was Worse  Key to Who Louis is…

 Louis = 22 when Mazarin dies  Weakened Noble Power  Excluded From Councils  Intendants  “Government Agents/Tax Collectors/Police”  Economic Growth  Jean Baptiste Colbert (kawlBEHR)  Minister of Finance  Believed in Mercantilism  Wanted France to be self-sufficient, no imports

 Tax Breaks and $$ to French Companies  Very High Tariffs  Encouraged French Colonies in Canada  After Colbert’s Death, Louis Repeals Edict of Nantes  Thousands of Huguenots Flee Country (Skilled Workers & Businessmen)

 8:30 Wake-up Call  100 Nobles - 4 Help Him Dress  Keeps Nobles at Versailles  Keeps Power With Intendants  Grand Style – Showed Wealth and Power  Changes Art  No Longer to Glorify God – Middle Ages  No Longer to Glorify Human Potential – Renaissance  Glorify King and Absolute Rule

 Louis invades neighbors to the west  Success makes him want to go north  Not as successful, flood countryside  European-wide alliance  League of Augsburg  Austria, Sweden, and Spain = France  Poor harvests, war, high taxes

 Charles II of Spain – childless  Promise throne to Philip of Anjou  Louis XIV’s Grandson  HUGE power  War of the Spanish Succession  “War when England, Austria, Dutch Rep., Portugal, German and Italian states try to prevent union of French and Spanish throne.”  1714 – Treaty of Utrecht  Philip can keep the throne, but can’t be united  Britain gets Gibraltar – Mediterranean entrance

 Many cheered his death  Mixed legacy  Times of great power  Military leader of Europe  Warfare  Versailles – debt  Abuse of power  His ideas did not die however…  Prussia and Austria on deck…