The New Metropolis The Shape of the Industrial City The Shape of the Industrial City – Steam engines replaced water power in cities – Mass Transit Trolley cars, elevated railroads, and subways emerged in large cities Trolley cars, elevated railroads, and subways emerged in large cities – Skyscrapers First appeared in Chicago - Chicago School led by Louis Sullivan First appeared in Chicago - Chicago School led by Louis Sullivan Allowed landowners to make money on small plots of land by building up Allowed landowners to make money on small plots of land by building up – The Electric City Electricity emerged in cities in the later 19th century Electricity emerged in cities in the later 19th century “A light is as good as a policeman.” “A light is as good as a policeman.”

William Le Baron Jenney  1832 – 1907  “ Father of the Modern Skyscraper ”

W. Le Baron Jenney: Central Y.M.C.A., Chicago, 1891

Flatiron Building NYC – 1902 D. H. Burnham

The New Metropolis Newcomers and Neighborhoods  Men and women moved to cities from rural areas (in addition to immigrants) Financial opportunities were available Financial opportunities were available  Immigrants often lived in the same communities - ethnic clustering  Many institutions served ethnic communities - newspapers, singing societies, Yiddish theater, etc.  African Americans began moving to cities (more so after WWI)  Virtually all faced discrimination - few jobs were available - Porters and domestic servant

Hester Street – Jewish Section

Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”

The New Metropolis  Race Riots: - Attacks on African Americans by white mobs - Atlanta, 1906, 24 blacks were killed  Tenement Houses - (Dumbell Tenements) -5-6 story, cramped apartments, many families sharing few rooms -5-6 story, cramped apartments, many families sharing few rooms

The New Metropolis City Cultures City Cultures – Urban Amusements Vaudeville Theater - music, skits, and magic shows Vaudeville Theater - music, skits, and magic shows Nickelodeons - $.05 movie theaters Nickelodeons - $.05 movie theaters Amusement parks - Coney Island, NY - inspired other amusement parks throughout the country Amusement parks - Coney Island, NY - inspired other amusement parks throughout the country

The New Metropolis Ragtime and City Blues Ragtime and City Blues Ragtime - popular among all classes and races Ragtime - popular among all classes and races Introduced at the Chicago’s World Fair in Devil in the White City, Erik Larsen Introduced at the Chicago’s World Fair in Devil in the White City, Erik Larsen Blues - appealed to individuals in cities - spoke of handwork and heartache Blues - appealed to individuals in cities - spoke of handwork and heartache – Sex and the City Dating became more acceptable in large cities without chaperones Dating became more acceptable in large cities without chaperones Men often paid for women since women had little money - earned less wages Men often paid for women since women had little money - earned less wages New York City had a large gay population Stonewall Riots New York City had a large gay population Stonewall Riots

The New Metropolis City Cultures City Cultures – High Culture Rich helped promote museums - some out of a sense of duty Rich helped promote museums - some out of a sense of duty – NY’s MOMA in 1880 Andrew Carnegie helped create over 1,000 libraries across the nation - Gospel of Wealth Andrew Carnegie helped create over 1,000 libraries across the nation - Gospel of Wealth

The New Metropolis – Urban Journalism Yellow Journalism - sensationalizing and exaggerating news stories in order to sell newspapers Yellow Journalism - sensationalizing and exaggerating news stories in order to sell newspapers – Cause of the Spanish-American War Muckrakers - term coined by Teddy Roosevelt to describe the journalists that exposed corruption and problems of society Muckrakers - term coined by Teddy Roosevelt to describe the journalists that exposed corruption and problems of society

Governing the Great City - **The Shame of the Cities** - Lincoln Steffens: - Wrote about the corruption between municipal (city) governments and big businesses - Urban Machines - Many utilities were provided by private businesses, not the city government - Political Machines: Tammany Hall, NYC - Controlled many aspects of city government -Provided jobs, food, money, etc. to constituents in exchange for votes and support - George Washington Plunkitt - leader of Tammany Hall, favored “honest graft” - -“Boss” Tweed - favored “dishonest graft” - bribery, stole over $200 million, later caught in Cuba due to Thomas Nast!

Governing the Great City The Limits of Machine Government The Limits of Machine Government – Mayors (Quincy in Boston) began to build public pools, gyms, playgrounds and other spaces Also fought to lower fares on streetcars Also fought to lower fares on streetcars

Crucibles of Progressive Reform Fighting Dirt and Vice Fighting Dirt and Vice – ***How the Other Half Lives*** - Jacob Riis Helped expose plight of the poor in tenement houses- Helped expose plight of the poor in tenement houses- Cleaning Up Urban Environments Cleaning Up Urban Environments Disease spread through cities quickly - cholera, typhoid fever - led to a clean- water initiative Disease spread through cities quickly - cholera, typhoid fever - led to a clean- water initiative New sewage and drainage systems were established in large cities New sewage and drainage systems were established in large cities “City Beautiful” movement - sought to increase and improve the number of park spaces “City Beautiful” movement - sought to increase and improve the number of park spaces

Tenement Slum Living

Lodgers Huddled Together

Struggling Immigrant Families

Crucibles of Progressive Reform – Closing Red Light Districts Reasons that women entered prostitution: Reasons that women entered prostitution: – Low paying jobs, hard economic times, abuse, etc. Mann Act - made it illegal to transport prostitutes across state lines Mann Act - made it illegal to transport prostitutes across state lines

Crucibles of Progressive Reform The Movement for Social Settlements The Movement for Social Settlements – Hull House - Jane Addams, Chicago, IL, 1889 Helped poor women, immigrants, and children adjust to city life Helped poor women, immigrants, and children adjust to city life Provided a bathhouse, day care, etc. Provided a bathhouse, day care, etc. Inspired other settlement houses through the country Inspired other settlement houses through the country – Became instrumental in social work and the Progressive movement – Margaret Sanger: Advocated birth control (illegal in many areas at the time) Advocated birth control (illegal in many areas at the time)

Crucibles of Progressive Reform Cities and National Politics Cities and National Politics – Upton Sinclair - The Jungle (1906) Helped inspire the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) Helped inspire the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) – National Consumer’s League (NCL) - led by Florence Kelley Advocated laws to protect workers Advocated laws to protect workers

Crucibles of Progressive Reform – Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire - March 25, employees died - average age was employees died - average age was 19 Alfred Smith - NY state legislator and future presidential candidate established a commission to investigate the disaster Alfred Smith - NY state legislator and future presidential candidate established a commission to investigate the disaster – Helped inspire new laws Frances Perkins - saw the fire from Columbia University Frances Perkins - saw the fire from Columbia University – Became the first woman appointed to a presidential cabinet (FDR)

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

Relatives Review Bodies 145 Dead

Inside the Building After the Fire

The Recap Tenement Houses - Jacob RiisTenement Houses - Jacob Riis Immigrants lived in similar communitiesImmigrants lived in similar communities Yellow Journalism - Spanish American WarYellow Journalism - Spanish American War MuckrakersMuckrakers Political Machines - Boss TweedPolitical Machines - Boss Tweed Settlement Houses - Jane Addams and the Hull HouseSettlement Houses - Jane Addams and the Hull House The Jungle and its effectsThe Jungle and its effects Frances PerkinsFrances Perkins