Chapter 6 The Progressives

Section 1 Progressivism

Important Questions  How did Progressives try to reform society?  What issues did Progressives focus on, and what helped energize their causes?

What was Progressivism?  Late 1800’s reform movement arose to address the social problems that industrialization created.  Jacob Riis’s book How the Other Half Lives Stunned Americans Stunned Americans Showed the poverty of the inner cities. Showed the poverty of the inner cities.

Progressives  Sought to improve living conditions for the urban poor. Called on the government to help. Called on the government to help.

Muckrakers  Magazines printed articles by people exposing the injustices of our society.  The people doing the reporting were called Muckrakers They raked up or exposed the filth of society They raked up or exposed the filth of society

Famous Muckrakers  Ida Tarbell Exposed Standard Oil and the Corruption of John D. Rockefeller Exposed Standard Oil and the Corruption of John D. Rockefeller  Lincoln Stevens Exposed city government corruption The Shame of the Cities Exposed city government corruption The Shame of the Cities  Upton Sinclair Exposed the meatpacking industry The Jungle

Housing Reforms  Tenement Act of 1901 NYC NYC Landlords were forced to install lighting in public hallways and to provide toilets for every two families. Landlords were forced to install lighting in public hallways and to provide toilets for every two families.  Within 15 years the death rate in New York dropped dramatically

Fighting for Civil Rights  NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People National Association for the Advancement of Colored People Founded by Ida Wells, W.E.B. Du Bois, Jane Adams. Founded by Ida Wells, W.E.B. Du Bois, Jane Adams. Purpose was to fight for the rights of African Americans Purpose was to fight for the rights of African Americans

Fighting for Civil Rights  Anti-Defamation League Founded by Samuel Livingston Founded by Samuel Livingston Goal was to fight anti- Semitism Goal was to fight anti- Semitism

Reforming the Workplace  1904 Florence Kelly founded the National Child Labor Committee. Goal was to ban child labor. Goal was to ban child labor.

 Lochner v. New York SCOTUS sided with business owners and refused to limit bankers to 10 hour a day work days. SCOTUS sided with business owners and refused to limit bankers to 10 hour a day work days.  Muller v. Oregon SCOTUS sided with workers limiting women to 10 hour work days in factories SCOTUS sided with workers limiting women to 10 hour work days in factories Evidence showing that long work hours was harmful to health persuaded the courts.Evidence showing that long work hours was harmful to health persuaded the courts.

Reforming Government  Election Reforms Progressives pushed for a primary system. Progressives pushed for a primary system. Seventeenth Amendment (1913) gave voters the right to elect U.S. Senators Seventeenth Amendment (1913) gave voters the right to elect U.S. Senators

Other Progressive Reforms  Direct Primary Voters select a party’s candidates for office. Voters select a party’s candidates for office.  Secret Ballot People vote without the fear of coercion People vote without the fear of coercion  Initiative Allows citizens to propose new laws Allows citizens to propose new laws  Referendum Allows citizens to vote on a proposed or existing law Allows citizens to vote on a proposed or existing law  Recall Allows voters to remove an elected official from office. Allows voters to remove an elected official from office.

Women and Public Life Chapter 6, Section 2

Opportunities for Women  Higher Education Oberlin College was the first college to admit both men and women. (1833) Oberlin College was the first college to admit both men and women. (1833) By /3 of all college’s were co-ed. By /3 of all college’s were co-ed. Women that went to college were upper/middle class.Women that went to college were upper/middle class.

Employment Opportunities for Women  Traditional Professions Teachers, nurses, bookkeepers, typists, secretaries. Teachers, nurses, bookkeepers, typists, secretaries. Often took jobs at lower paying rates than men. Often took jobs at lower paying rates than men. Women were assumed to be single and being supported by their father, men were assumed to be supporting a family. Women were assumed to be single and being supported by their father, men were assumed to be supporting a family.

Women in Politics  Women gained valuable experience campaigning for the rights of children. End child labor, improve children’s health, promote education End child labor, improve children’s health, promote education  Progressive women participated in the prohibition movement. Called for a ban on the making, selling and distribution of alcohol. Called for a ban on the making, selling and distribution of alcohol. Progressives thought alcohol was to blame for crime, poverty, and violence against women and children. Progressives thought alcohol was to blame for crime, poverty, and violence against women and children.

WCTU  Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and the Anti-Saloon league led the crusade against alcohol. Carrie Nation became famous for carrying an ax in one hand and a bible in the other as she destroys saloons in Kansas

Prohibition  1917 Congress approved the 18 th Amendment Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcohol. Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcohol. Was very unpopular and gave rise to bootlegging Was very unpopular and gave rise to bootlegging Was repealed in 1933 Was repealed in 1933

Women’s Suffrage  15 th Amendment gave African Americans the right to vote. Women were excluded. Women were excluded.  Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cody Stanton formed the National Woman Suffrage Association. Helped also with women in the labor movement. Helped also with women in the labor movement.  1875 Supreme Court ruled that even though women were citizens, citizenship did not give them the right to vote.

Opposition to Women’s Suffrage  Men thought it would interfere with duty’s at home, causing families to fall apart.  People argued women did not have the education to make them competent voters.  Businesses thought if women could vote they would ban alcohol.

Taft and Wilson Chapter 6, Section 4

Progressivism under Taft  Created the Department of Labor to enforce laws  Increased national forest reserves.  16 th Amendment was passed under Taft Granted congress the power to levy taxes. Granted congress the power to levy taxes. Progressives supported a nationwide tax as a way to pay for government programs more fairly. Progressives supported a nationwide tax as a way to pay for government programs more fairly.

Republican Party Splits  Progressive Republicans that opposed Taft proposed a program called New Nationalism Set of laws to protect workers, ensure public health and regulate business Set of laws to protect workers, ensure public health and regulate business Some people saw New Nationalism as a revival of the progressive spirit. Some people saw New Nationalism as a revival of the progressive spirit.

 By 1912 the Republican Party was badly fractured. Progressives broke away from the party when Taft was nominated. Progressives broke away from the party when Taft was nominated. Formed the “Bull Moose Party”Formed the “Bull Moose Party”  Democrat Woodrow Wilson won the election. Socialist Eugene V. Debs got almost 900,000 votes, but no electoral votes. Socialist Eugene V. Debs got almost 900,000 votes, but no electoral votes.