FROM POPULIST TO PROGRESSIVES THE PROGRESSIVE ERA,

The Road to Progressivism Greenback Labor Party, 1870s Greenback Labor Party, 1870s Hard vs. Soft Money Hard vs. Soft Money Inflation Inflation Populism, 1880s and 1890s Populism, 1880s and 1890s Railroad Regulation Railroad Regulation Income Tax Income Tax Soft Money Soft Money Direct Election of Senators, Initiative, Recall, Referendum Direct Election of Senators, Initiative, Recall, Referendum 8 Hour Work Day 8 Hour Work Day Republican “Mugwumps” Republican “Mugwumps” Voted for Cleveland, 1884 Voted for Cleveland, 1884

Progressives Want Government Involvement Use of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Use of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act Dismantling Political Machines Dismantling Political Machines Reduce Threat of Socialism Reduce Threat of Socialism Improve Working/Living Conditions Improve Working/Living Conditions Banking Reform Banking Reform Prohibition of Alcohol Prohibition of Alcohol Conservation of Resources Conservation of Resources Female Suffrage Female Suffrage

TRUSTS… Wealthiest 2%, 20% of total income Wealthiest 2%, 20% of total income “Nouveau Riche” “Nouveau Riche” Excessive living/spending Excessive living/spending Graduated income tax, 16 th Amendment, 1912 Graduated income tax, 16 th Amendment, 1912 Elimination of competition Elimination of competition Different types of trusts Different types of trusts Sherman Anti-Trust Act Sherman Anti-Trust Act Clayton Anti-Trust Act, Hepburn and Elkins Acts Clayton Anti-Trust Act, Hepburn and Elkins Acts “Rule of Reason” “Rule of Reason” Federal Reserve Act Federal Reserve Act Plutocracy Plutocracy Politicians controlled by trusts (Tammany Hall) Politicians controlled by trusts (Tammany Hall) Australian Ballot Australian Ballot Direct Election of Senators, 17 th Amendment 1913 Direct Election of Senators, 17 th Amendment 1913

POLITICAL MACHINES… Political Bosses Political Bosses Bribes for special interest, favors Bribes for special interest, favors Taxpayers foot the costs Taxpayers foot the costs Immigrants Immigrants WASPS under-represented WASPS under-represented Australian Ballot Australian Ballot Municipal Politics Municipal Politics Boss Tweed Boss Tweed Direct Election of Senators (17 th Amendment) Direct Election of Senators (17 th Amendment)

“Shame of the Cities” Industrial Urbanization Industrial Urbanization Huge numbers of Immigrants Huge numbers of Immigrants Indeptedness of the Farmers Indeptedness of the Farmers Living/Working Conditions Living/Working Conditions “Dumbell tenements” “Dumbell tenements” Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire ½ million workers wounded or killed ½ million workers wounded or killed Labor restrictions for women and children Labor restrictions for women and children

Progressive Education “Learn by Doing,” Dewey “Learn by Doing,” Dewey Equal access to education Equal access to education Challenge “survival of the fittest”, Ward Challenge “survival of the fittest”, Ward Right to change social environment Right to change social environment Social Gospel, Ely Social Gospel, Ely Churches/Wealthy should help the poor Churches/Wealthy should help the poor Wealth Against the Commonwealth, Lloyd Wealth Against the Commonwealth, Lloyd Criticized Standard Oil Criticized Standard Oil How the Other Half Lives, Riis How the Other Half Lives, Riis Use of compelling photography Use of compelling photography Women and Economics, Gilman Women and Economics, Gilman Quit being dependent…contribute! Quit being dependent…contribute!

Muckrakers, coined by Teddy Roosevelt Journalists exposing the “evils of society” Journalists exposing the “evils of society” Popular magazines: Colliers, McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Everbody’s Popular magazines: Colliers, McClure’s, Cosmopolitan, Everbody’s Shame of the Cities, Lincoln Steffens, Shame of the Cities, Lincoln Steffens, Ida Tarbell, Standard Oil, Ida Tarbell, Standard Oil, The Jungle, Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, Upton Sinclair, Meatpacking industry Meatpacking industry The Treason of the State, David Phillips The Treason of the State, David Phillips Railroads Railroads The Bitter Cry of the Children, John Spargo The Bitter Cry of the Children, John Spargo Abuses of child labor Abuses of child labor Following the Color Line, Ray S. Baker Following the Color Line, Ray S. Baker Illiteracy of African-Americans Illiteracy of African-Americans The Octopus, Frank Norris The Octopus, Frank Norris Trusts controlling wheat farmers Trusts controlling wheat farmers The Titan, Theodore Dreisler The Titan, Theodore Dreisler

Progressive Activists Looked to improve living/working conditions in the cities Looked to improve living/working conditions in the cities Opportunities for Middle Class women Opportunities for Middle Class women Jane Addams Jane Addams Hull House, Chicago Hull House, Chicago NAACP NAACP Florence Kelly Florence Kelly Welfare of children, women, blacks, consumers Welfare of children, women, blacks, consumers Muller v. Oregon, 1906 Muller v. Oregon, 1906 Louis Brandeis Louis Brandeis Limited hours for women… Limited hours for women…

Political Reform “The Wisconsin Experiment” “The Wisconsin Experiment” “Fightin’ Bob” LaFollette “Fightin’ Bob” LaFollette Direct Primary Direct Primary LaFollette introduces REFERENDUM, RECALL, and INITIATIVE LaFollette introduces REFERENDUM, RECALL, and INITIATIVE Direct Election of Senators Direct Election of Senators Vote directly for state/federal legislators Vote directly for state/federal legislators State Income Tax State Income Tax Led to federal income tax Led to federal income tax Australian Ballot Australian Ballot Disadvantage: Illiterate voters Disadvantage: Illiterate voters Commission System Commission System Group of city commissioners Group of city commissioners