HeronBridge College Sustainable Development Chapter 7

HeronBridge College What is Development Progress; growth; a better life FOR ALL Specific to a school of thought e.g. to: Feminists? Environmentalists? Government? Business owners? See p140 focus

HeronBridge College Sustainability “Sustainable” means the use of natural resources at a controlled rate so as to not damage the environment and to ensure that the resources don’t run out. Alternatively…

HeronBridge College Sustainable Development Meeting today’s need for progress without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

HeronBridge College SD in the Bill of Rights 24. Environment Everyone has the right ­ to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and to have the environment protected, for the benefit of present and future generations, through reasonable legislative and other measures that ­ –prevent pollution and ecological degradation; –promote conservation; and –secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while promoting justifiable economic and social development.

HeronBridge College SD in business Businesses now have to report on their: Financial success Social impact Environmental footprint This is known as “The triple bottom line”

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What is the opposite of development? Underdevelopment

HeronBridge College Indicators of Development Economic 1.GDP Gross Domestic Product 2. GNP Gross National Product 3. % primary, secondary and tertiary activity 4. Balance of trade

HeronBridge College 1. Gross Domestic Product The value of goods and services produced IN a country in a year Includes the value of goods and services produced by foreign companies in your country GDP/capita = GDP divided by total population, but purchasing power differs;

HeronBridge College The Big Mac Index

HeronBridge College PPP $ Purchasing Power Parity Dollars This index takes into account differences in purchasing power 1$/day may be a living wage in Sudan but not in South Africa

HeronBridge College 2. Gross National Product The value of goods and services produced BY a country’s citizens in a year Includes the value of goods and services produced by domestic companies overseas e.g. MTN’s income from Iran and Nigeria would be included in SA’s GNP

HeronBridge College 3. % Primary, Secondary and Tertiary activity

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4. Balance of Trade

HeronBridge College Balance of Trade

HeronBridge College Exports vs. Imports

HeronBridge College Indicators of Development Social BR, DR, IMR, Life Expectancy, population growth rate % Urbanized Education and literacy levels Provision of basic needs e.g. water, electricity, clinics etc. Food and nutrition

HeronBridge College Lets see… personal.umich.edu/~mejn/cartograms/ personal.umich.edu/~mejn/cartograms/

HeronBridge College Activity 3 p145

HeronBridge College Indicators of Sustainability Social and economic factors have already been discussed Environmental indicators include: -Energy consumption/capita -Water quality -Greenhouse gas emissions -Fish catch to natural renewal rate

HeronBridge College Developed vs. Developing

HeronBridge College The Third World

HeronBridge College How the world was classified

HeronBridge College The Brandt Line

HeronBridge College Read p148 Activity Developed vs. Developing

HeronBridge College Fig 7.4

HeronBridge College Fig 7.5

HeronBridge College Developmental Models A tool used to understand relationships between people, places and the environment Useful, but never faultless

HeronBridge College Rostow’s Developmental Model 1950’s

HeronBridge College South Africa and Rostow’s Model

HeronBridge College Limitations Developed with Western cultures in mind and not applicable to LDCs. Too generalized nature makes it somewhat limited. (pre-conditions for growth?) In reality, policy makers are unable to clearly identify stages as they merge together. Thus as a predictive model it is not very helpful. P It is essentially a growth model and does not address the issue of development in the wider context.

HeronBridge College Core Periphery Model 1960’s and 70’s

HeronBridge College South Africa’s Core and Periphery

HeronBridge College Frank’s Model 1980’s and 90’s

HeronBridge College Social Development Goals 1990’s

HeronBridge College MDG’s 2000 Set for the year 2015, the MDGs are an agreed set of goals that can be achieved if all actors work together and do their part. Poor countries have pledged to govern better, and invest in their people through health care and education. Rich countries have pledged to support them, through aid, debt relief, and fairer trade.

HeronBridge College MDG 1 Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger –Reduce by half the proportion of people living on less than one U.S. dollar a day. –Reduce by half the proportion of people who suffer from hunger.

HeronBridge College MDG 2 Achieve universal primary education –Ensure that all boys and girls complete a full course of primary schooling. –Increased enrollment must be accompanied by efforts to ensure that all children remain in school and receive a high-quality education

HeronBridge College MDG 3 Promote gender equality and empower women –Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015.

HeronBridge College MDG 4 Reduce child mortality –Reduce the mortality rate among children under five by two thirds.

HeronBridge College MDG 5 Improve maternal health –Reduce by three quarters the maternal mortality ratio.

HeronBridge College MDG 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases –Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS. –Halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria and other major diseases.

HeronBridge College MDG 7 Ensure environmental sustainability –Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programmes; reverse loss of environmental resources. –Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water (for more information see the entry on water supply). –Achieve significant improvement in lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers, by 2020.

HeronBridge College MDG 8 Develop a global partnership for development –Develop further an open trading and financial system that is rule-based, predictable and non-discriminatory. Includes a commitment to good governance, development and poverty reduction—nationally and internationally. –Address the least developed countries’ special needs. This includes tariff- and quota-free access for their exports; enhanced debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries; cancellation of official bilateral debt; and more generous official development assistance for countries committed to poverty reduction.

HeronBridge College MDG 8 continued –Address the special needs of landlocked and small island developing States. –Deal comprehensively with developing countries' debt problems through national and international measures to make debt sustainable in the long term. –In cooperation with the developing countries, develop decent and productive work for youth. –In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.

HeronBridge College Top Down Approach AKA “Reaganomics” Only rich people and companies decide how development is to occur These ideas are forced on others Very little consultation with others

HeronBridge College Bottom-up approach Developmental agencies work at grass roots level Much consultation The people approve all decisions

HeronBridge College Rural Communities

HeronBridge College Rural Development Most of the world’s poor live in rural areas Most are involved in agriculture If you were to start a programme to help these economically marginalised people, what would you ensure was in place to make your project a success?

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Cycle of Poverty

HeronBridge College The Problem with Poverty

HeronBridge College Successful Development Projects Activity 7. 1 to 7.3 for homework

HeronBridge College Urban Development Projects Richmond Street District Six Photo Cloete Breytenbach Copyright Ethnic Art Used by kind permission of the District Six Museum. DISTRICT SIX

HeronBridge College District Six \

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District Six Redevelopment Land claimants at a "hand back" ceremony in District Six, 2001

HeronBridge College The Path to Development? Agriculture or Industry

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Terms Commercial farming – grow to sell Subsistence farming – grow to eat – doubtful if there are any true subsistence farmers in South Africa Arable land – land that can produce crops

HeronBridge College Subsistence Farming

HeronBridge College Commercial Farming

HeronBridge College Activity 9

HeronBridge College How can this be?

HeronBridge College Increased production because… More effective irrigation Better trained farmers More resistant seeds Fertilisers more effective Soil erosion controlled Environmentally friendly pest control Better machinery More capital injected into the farm Increased Production

HeronBridge College Contribution to Development Employment Produces food Earns foreign exchange when traded Provides raw materials Stimulates others sectors of the economy – e.g. packaging, retail and transport Transport infrastructure

HeronBridge College Risks faced by SA farmers Drought Diseases e.g. mad cow s disease Fire Crime Theft Labour issues High taxes High input costs Fluctuating prices e.g. milk Tariffs Lack of subsidies Import – export regulations

HeronBridge College Industry

HeronBridge College Myrdal’s Model

HeronBridge College Multiplier effect Success breeds success Corollary – areas not been developed stagnate and suffer economic decline Growth pole – the region where the growth radiates out from e.g. Gauteng

HeronBridge College The Need for Aid

HeronBridge College Role of Aid in Development International aid is a conscious effort to break the cycle of underdevelopment with loans, donations and assistance This may include a degree of debt relief

HeronBridge College Developed vs Developing

HeronBridge College This is the common view of Aid

HeronBridge College So, no wonder…

HeronBridge College Types of Aid Bilateral – from one govt to another Multilateral – from international organisations eg. World Bank, UN or IMF NGO’s e.g. Red Cross Direct Investors e.g. Sony, BMW, China Disaster relief aid e.g. after the tsunami, after war

HeronBridge College How much aid? Suggested UN - Developed countries – 0,7% of GDP EU countries – at least 0,33% of GDP BUT IT IS ONLY SUGGESTED!

HeronBridge College De facto…

HeronBridge College Who benefits from aid?

HeronBridge College The solution Perhaps its time to ask rich nations to stop thinking about “giving to the poor”, and rather ask them to “take less from them”. The solution is not more aid, nor more trade, but rather less exploitation and more fairness Focus p162

HeronBridge College Globalisation

HeronBridge College Diana’s Demise: The story of globalisation An English princess with an Egyptian boyfriend crashes in a French tunnel, driving a German car with a Dutch engine, driven by a Belgian who was drunk on Scottish whisky, followed closely by Italian Paparazzi, on Japanese motorcycles; treated by an American doctor, using Brazilian medicines. This is sent to you by an Indian, using Bill Gates's technology, and you're probably reading this on your computer, that uses Taiwanese chips,and a Korean monitor, assembled by Bangladeshi workers in a Singapore plant, transported by Pakistani lorry-drivers, hijacked by Indonesians,unloaded by Sicilian longshoremen, and trucked to you by Mexican illegals..... That, my friend, is Globalization.

HeronBridge College In other words The world is a small place, a global village International boundaries become blurred e.g. is MTN a South African company? BPO – Call centres outsourced to India Driven by mass air travel and a digital world, especially the Internet

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What does this tell you?

HeronBridge College Globalisation

HeronBridge College Up side? Important local issues become world issues Infrastructural development in developing nations Jobs? China Greater specialisation Mass market served

HeronBridge College Down side? National and family identities suffer Cultural uniformity across continents e.g. Spanish siesta has disappeared Environmental footprint massive Subsidies give first world farmers a fair/unfair advantage? Spread of diseases e.g. HIV?AIDS, SARS, Bird flu

HeronBridge College “We need to globalise wealth, not poverty’ Benjamin Mkapa Tanzanian President

HeronBridge College World Bank Suggests Abolish tariffs and subsidies Focus on education and health Increase aid, including debt relief Curb greenhouse gasses Establish sustainable economy – incl good governance Protect labour

HeronBridge College Gender and Development

HeronBridge College Gender Inequality 1. Labour and income Women generally earn less Involved in non – paid work e.g. ? Large percentage of migrant labour Sweatshops Informal sector – 75% women In SA 347 male CEO’s; 7 female!

HeronBridge College Food Production

HeronBridge College Gender Inequality 2. Family Bear and raise children 40% of households are headed by women 3. Rights Decision – making Abuse

HeronBridge College Gender Inequality 4. Education Girls often excluded Pregnant and cannot study further 5. HIV/AIDS Women more likely to be infected; 4 – 6 times more Especially rural females