Chapter 25 part 2 Industry Comes of Age AP US With help from Ms. Susan M. Pojer AP US With help from Ms. Susan M. Pojer

Effects on the South

Gilded Age Southern Industry By 1900 the South was producing a smaller % of the nation’s manufactured goods than before the warBy 1900 the South was producing a smaller % of the nation’s manufactured goods than before the war Plantation system was either sharecropping or serfdomPlantation system was either sharecropping or serfdom The only thing that helped southern agriculture was the machine made cigaretteThe only thing that helped southern agriculture was the machine made cigarette

Gilded Age Southern Industry South faced unfairness in pricing from railroadsSouth faced unfairness in pricing from railroads –Treated South like a 3rd world nation from which the North would get raw materials and send manufactured goods Pittsburgh Plus pricing system made it cost even more to ship Birmingham SteelPittsburgh Plus pricing system made it cost even more to ship Birmingham Steel

Gilded Age Southern Industry The South did begin to build textile mills to process their own cottonThe South did begin to build textile mills to process their own cotton –This fed off of impoverished Southerners who were cheap labor willing to be paid 1/2 of the wages of their northern counterparts

Changes Brought by Industry

The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America Great change occurred in America at this time:Great change occurred in America at this time: –Increased standard of living –More physical comforts –Urbanization –Leisure time (though not much if you were a factory worker!) –Disappearance of Jeffersonian ideals –Disappearance of truly free enterprise –Time became important - work schedules

The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America Women were the most affected groupWomen were the most affected group –White collar jobs opened up because of inventions Typewriter: stenographer and secretaryTypewriter: stenographer and secretary Telephone: operators “hello girls”Telephone: operators “hello girls” –Realities of work for women Later marriagesLater marriages Smaller familiesSmaller families Most worked the same long hard hours as men for less pay for the same workMost worked the same long hard hours as men for less pay for the same work

The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America Ideas of the new woman: The Gibson GirlIdeas of the new woman: The Gibson Girl –Athletic and healthy –Refined yet feisty –Educated and fulfilled But not a suffragette!But not a suffragette!

The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America Class division 2/3 of all workers depended on wages by 19002/3 of all workers depended on wages by 1900 By % of the people controlled 90% of the wealthBy % of the people controlled 90% of the wealth –The nouveau riche also flaunted their wealth which was a source of both envy and disgust to the working people

The Changing American Labor Force

Child Labor

“Galley Labor”

Labor Unions

Labor Unrest:

The Molly Maguires (1875) James McParland Irish Coal Miners’ Union in Pennsylvania

The Corporate “Bully-Boys”: Pinkerton Agents

Management vs. Labor “Tools” of Management “Tools” of Labor  “scabs”  P. R. campaign  Pinkertons  lockout  blacklisting  yellow-dog contracts  court injunctions  open shop  boycotts  sympathy demonstrations  informational picketing  closed shops  organized strikes  “wildcat” strikes

A Striker Confronts a SCAB!

National Labor Union Organized in 1866 and lasted 6 yearsOrganized in 1866 and lasted 6 years 600,000 members: skilled, unskilled, and farmers600,000 members: skilled, unskilled, and farmers Discriminated against Chinese, Blacks, and WomenDiscriminated against Chinese, Blacks, and Women –Therefore the Colored National Labor Union formed Fought for the 8-hour day and arbitration of disputesFought for the 8-hour day and arbitration of disputes Hurt by bad economy of 1870’sHurt by bad economy of 1870’s

Knights of Labor Terence V. Powderly An injury to one is the concern of all!

Knights of Labor Knights of Labor trade card

Goals of the Knights of Labor Eight-hour workday.Eight-hour workday. Workers’ cooperatives.Workers’ cooperatives. Worker-owned factories.Worker-owned factories. Abolition of child and prison labor.Abolition of child and prison labor. Increased circulation of greenbacks.Increased circulation of greenbacks. Equal pay for men and women.Equal pay for men and women. Safety codes in the workplace.Safety codes in the workplace. Prohibition of contract foreign labor.Prohibition of contract foreign labor. Abolition of the National Bank.Abolition of the National Bank.

Anarchists Meet on the Lake Front in 1886

Haymarket Riot (1886) McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.

Haymarket Martyrs

Governor John Peter Altgeld

The American Federation of Labor: 1886 Samuel Gompers An actual federation of local unions. No worker could join the actual AFL. AFL unified overall strategy

How the AF of L Would Help the Workers Catered to the skilled worker.Catered to the skilled worker. Represented workers in matters of national legislation.Represented workers in matters of national legislation. Maintained a national strike fund.Maintained a national strike fund. Evangelized the cause of unionism.Evangelized the cause of unionism. Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.Prevented disputes among the many craft unions. Mediated disputes between management and labor.Mediated disputes between management and labor. Pushed for closed shops.Pushed for closed shops.

Effects of Strikes on Labor Membership

Protests in Urban Sweatshops - Shirtwaist Companies

Average Shirtwaist Worker’s Week 51 hours or less4,5545% hours65,03379% hours12,21115% Over 63 hours5621% Total employees, men and women 82,360

Womens’ Trade Union League

Public Fear of Unions/Anarchists

Scabs Hired

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire, March 25, 1911

“The Shirtwaist Kings” Max Blanck and Isaac Harris

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Asch Building, 8 th and 10 th Floors

Typical NYC Sweatshop, 1910

Inside the Building After the Fire

Most Doors Were Locked

Crumpled Fire Escape, 26 Died

10 th Floor After the Fire

Dead Bodies on the Sidewalk

Relatives Review Bodies 145 Dead

Page of the New York Journal

One of the Many Funerals

Labor Unions March as Mourners

The Investigation

Out of the Ashes  ILGWU membership surged.  NYC created a Bureau of Fire Prevention.  New strict building codes were passed.  Tougher fire inspection of sweatshops.  Growing momentum of support for women’s suffrage.