BRAIN ACTIVITY

Electroencephalogram EEG: Recording of electric brain waves. EEG: Recording of electric brain waves.

ALPHA WAVES Relaxed, reflecting Relaxed, reflecting Taking a break (walk) Taking a break (walk) 9-14 cycles/second cycles/second.

BETA WAVES Alert, actively engaged Alert, actively engaged Talking, reading Talking, reading cycles/second cycles/second

THETA WAVES Daydreaming, disengage Daydreaming, disengage Driving, shower, running Driving, shower, running “happy state” “happy state” 5-8 cycles/second 5-8 cycles/second

DELTA WAVES Deep sleep Deep sleep No dreaming No dreaming 2-3 cycles/second 2-3 cycles/second

Recap ~ Bed time Study notes: Beta Study notes: Beta Book down relax: Alpha Book down relax: Alpha Daydream about getting an A+ = Theta Daydream about getting an A+ = Theta Deep Sleep = Delta Deep Sleep = Delta

SLEEP Well studied. Well studied. Has cycles, that repeat during the night. Has cycles, that repeat during the night.

SLEEP REM: Rapid eye movement REM: Rapid eye movement ~ 20% of sleep is REM (90 minutes) ~ 20% of sleep is REM (90 minutes) Where dreams are made Where dreams are made

REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder in which the person acts out dramatic or violent dreams during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. A sleep cycle is defined by a segment of Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep, which comprises of four stages, followed by a period of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. A typical sleep cycle is about minutes long, beginning with NREM sleep and transitioning to REM sleep after minutes. REM sleep is accompanied by bursts of Rapid Eye Movements. It has heightened brain activity and temporary paralysis of the muscles that controls posture and body movement. REM sleep is otherwise referred to as the ‘dream sleep’ as most of our dreams occur during this phase of sleep and the temporary muscle paralysis that occurs during this phase is a protective mechanism so that we do not act out our dreams. Victims of REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) do not experience muscle paralysis, which is the usual case during REM sleep. This gives the victim a free hand to physically demonstrate or act out dreams. Patient with RBD demonstrate their dreams with passion and intensity, which can also turn violent. Many such patients sit up in sleep, make wild gesticulations, kick or scream, even punch their partner as they act out their dreams. Such behaviors can also manifest during withdrawal from alcohol or hypnotic drugs. REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder in which the person acts out dramatic or violent dreams during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. A sleep cycle is defined by a segment of Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) sleep, which comprises of four stages, followed by a period of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep. A typical sleep cycle is about minutes long, beginning with NREM sleep and transitioning to REM sleep after minutes. REM sleep is accompanied by bursts of Rapid Eye Movements. It has heightened brain activity and temporary paralysis of the muscles that controls posture and body movement. REM sleep is otherwise referred to as the ‘dream sleep’ as most of our dreams occur during this phase of sleep and the temporary muscle paralysis that occurs during this phase is a protective mechanism so that we do not act out our dreams. Victims of REM Behavior Disorder (RBD) do not experience muscle paralysis, which is the usual case during REM sleep. This gives the victim a free hand to physically demonstrate or act out dreams. Patient with RBD demonstrate their dreams with passion and intensity, which can also turn violent. Many such patients sit up in sleep, make wild gesticulations, kick or scream, even punch their partner as they act out their dreams. Such behaviors can also manifest during withdrawal from alcohol or hypnotic drugs.paralysismusclepassionparalysismusclepassion

SLEEP NON-REM: ~ 80% (6.5 hrs) NON-REM: ~ 80% (6.5 hrs) Dreamless sleep (shutdown systems) Dreamless sleep (shutdown systems)

SLEEP Deep Sleep: Delta waves Deep Sleep: Delta waves Difficult to wake up Difficult to wake up Brain and body completely relax Brain and body completely relax

SLEEP Arousal: Neurons turn back on. Arousal: Neurons turn back on. Build up of adenosine, melanin, wake up when the majority is broken down. Build up of adenosine, melanin, wake up when the majority is broken down.

AgeAverage amount of sleep per day AgeAverage amount of sleep per day Newbornup to 18 hours Newbornup to 18 hours 1-12 months14–18 hours 1-12 months14–18 hours 1-3 years12-15 hours 1-3 years12-15 hours 3-5 years11-13 hours 3-5 years11-13 hours 5-12 years9-11 hours 5-12 years9-11 hours Adolescents9-10 hours Adolescents9-10 hours Adults, including elderly7-8 (+) hours Adults, including elderly7-8 (+) hours Pregnant women8 (+) hours Pregnant women8 (+) hours

Randy Gardner holds the Guinness World Record for intentionally having gone the longest without sleep. In 1965, Gardner, then 18, stayed awake for 264 hours (about 11 days) for a high school science project.[36] He experienced significant deficits in concentration, motivation, perception and other higher mental processes during his sleep deprivation. However, he recovered normal cognitive functions after a few nights' sleep. Randy Gardner holds the Guinness World Record for intentionally having gone the longest without sleep. In 1965, Gardner, then 18, stayed awake for 264 hours (about 11 days) for a high school science project.[36] He experienced significant deficits in concentration, motivation, perception and other higher mental processes during his sleep deprivation. However, he recovered normal cognitive functions after a few nights' sleep. Randy GardnerGuinness World Record[36] Randy GardnerGuinness World Record[36]

SPINAL CORD ~ COLOR CODE Pg 232

J= Posterior gray horns J= Posterior gray horns K= Anterior gray horns K= Anterior gray horns O= Posterior white column O= Posterior white column P= Lateral white column P= Lateral white column Q= Anterior white column Q= Anterior white column T= Anterior median fissure T= Anterior median fissure U= Central Canal U= Central Canal

Spinal Cord Highway leading sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses away from brain. Highway leading sensory impulses to the brain and motor impulses away from brain.

Spinal Cord Gray: is not myelinated, mostly cell bodies Gray: is not myelinated, mostly cell bodies White: myelinated, most of PNS White: myelinated, most of PNS

Spinal Cord Length: Roughly 18 inches long. Length: Roughly 18 inches long. STOPS at about L1 or L2 (Page 231) STOPS at about L1 or L2 (Page 231)

Spinal Cord Cauda Equina: (Horses tail) Nerves leaving end of spinal cord. Cauda Equina: (Horses tail) Nerves leaving end of spinal cord.

Spinal Cord Spinal Puncture: Spinal tap between L3, L4. Puncture spine to withdraw fluid and analyze. Spinal Puncture: Spinal tap between L3, L4. Puncture spine to withdraw fluid and analyze.