Slide 1 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

Slide 2 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Cycles of Matter

Slide 3 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3-3 Cycles of Matter How does matter move among the living and nonliving parts of an ecosystem?

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 4 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Recycling in the Biosphere Energy and matter move through the biosphere very differently. 1.* Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled, transformed within and between ecosystems.

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 5 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 2.*Elements, compounds, and other forms of matter are passed from one organism to another and from one part of the biosphere to another through biogeochemical cycles. *Matter can cycle because biological systems do not use up matter, they transform it. Matter is assembled into living tissue or passed out of the body as waste products. Recycling in the Biosphere

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 6 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Water Cycle Importance: 1.All living things require water to survive. Where does water come from? The Water Cycle

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 7 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The Water Cycle Water moves between the ocean, atmosphere, and land.

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 8 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 1. Water molecules enter the atmosphere as water vapor, a gas, when they evaporate from the ocean or other bodies of water. The process by which water changes from a liquid form to an atmospheric gas is called evaporation. 2.Water vapor cools & condenses into tiny droplets that form clouds The Water Cycle

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 9 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3. The water returns to Earth’s surface in the form of precipitation. (Rain,snow,sleet or hail) 4.Water enters streams, ocean,rivers and the rest seeps into soil (groundwater) 5. Root uptake -enters plants through their roots. 6. Water can also enter the atmosphere by evaporating from the leaves of plants in the process of transpiration The Water Cycle

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 10 of 33 7.Water that falls onto the land can become runoff flowing across the earth’s surface. Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 11 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles How are nutrients important in living systems?

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 12 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles All the chemical substances that an organism needs to sustain life are its nutrients. *Every living organism needs nutrients to build tissues and carry out essential life functions. Similar to water, nutrients are passed between organisms and the environment through biogeochemical cycles.

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 13 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Primary producers, such as plants, usually obtain nutrients in simple inorganic forms from their environment. (Water, carbon dioxide) Consumers obtain nutrients by eating other organisms. Nutrient Cycles

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 14 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Carbon Cycle Carbon is a key ingredient of living tissue. Found in many different reservoirs. a.Biological processes, such as photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposition, take up and release carbon and oxygen. b.Geochemical processes, such as erosion and volcanic activity, release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and oceans.

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 15 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall c.Biogeochemical processes, such as the burial and decomposition of dead organisms and their conversion under pressure into coal and petroleum (fossil fuels), store carbon underground. d.Human activities, such as mining, cutting and burning forests, and burning fossil fuels, release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Nutrient Cycles

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 16 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles CO 2 in Atmosphere Photosynthesis feeding Respiration Deposition Carbonate Rocks Deposition Decomposition Fossil fuel Volcanic activity Uplift Erosion Respiration Human activity CO 2 in Ocean Photosynthesis

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 17 of 33 The Carbon Cycle describes how Carbon moves between the atmosphere, the ocean, land & living things. 1.LIVING THINGS Living things are Carbon based orgs. & as we decay this Carbon goes into the Earth (Decomposition). When humans burn the fossil fuels it releases the CO2 back into the air Plants use CO2 from the air (photosynthesis) & then we eat the plants. Animals put CO2 back into the air when we breathe (respiration). 2.OCEAN CO2 goes into the ocean from the atmosphere. Plants,algae Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 18 of 33 & seaweed use CO2 (photosynthesis), decompose & CO2 gets deposited into ocean floor (carbonate rocks) or the fish can eat the plants then respire sending the CO2 back into the ocean. 3)LAND CO2 that is in the rocks or the land is uplifted through plate tectonics the CO2 can either be sent back into the ocean from erosion or sent into the air from volcanic activity Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 19 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Nitrogen Cycle All organisms require nitrogen to make proteins. Air that we breathe does not only include oxygen. *About 78% of the air is nitrogen. However only certain types of bacteria can use this form directly. a.Such bacteria live in the soil and on the roots of plants. They convert nitrogen gas into ammonia (NH3). This is known as nitrogen fixation.

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 20 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall b.When organisms die, or they excrete, nitrogen is also added to the soil as ammonia. c.The ammonia is changed into nitrates by other bacteria.Then the nitrogen may be taken up again in the roots of the producers. *Producers can use them to make proteins. *Consumers then eat the producers and reuse the nitrogen to make their own proteins. Nutrient Cycles

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 21 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles Bacterial nitrogen fixation N 2 in Atmosphere NH 3 Synthetic fertilizer manufacturer Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Decomposition, excretion Atmospheric nitrogen fixation Uptake by producers Reuse by consumers Denitrification Decomposition, excretion NO 3 and NO 2

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 22 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall d.Other soil bacteria convert nitrates directly into nitrogen gas in a process called denitrification. This process releases nitrogen into the atmosphere once again. Nutrient Cycles

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 23 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Cycles The Phosphorus Cycle Phosphorus is essential to organisms because it helps forms important molecules like DNA and RNA. Most phosphorus exists in the form of inorganic phosphate. Inorganic phosphate is released into the soil and water as sediments wear down.

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 24 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Phosphate, eventually enters the ocean, where it is used by marine organisms. Some phosphate stays on land and cycles between organisms and the soil. Plants bind the phosphates into organic compounds. Nutrient Cycles

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 25 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Organic phosphate moves through the food web and to the rest of the ecosystem. Nutrient Cycles Ocean Land Organisms Sediments

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 26 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Limitation a.The primary productivity of an ecosystem is the rate at which organic matter is created by producers. One factor that controls the primary productivity of an ecosystem is the amount of available nutrients.

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 27 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall If a nutrient is in short supply, it will limit an organism's growth. b.When an ecosystem is limited by a single nutrient that is scarce or cycles very slowly, this substance is called a limiting nutrient. Nutrient Limitation

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 28 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Nutrient Limitation

3–3 Cycles of Matter Slide 29 of 33 ALGAL BLOOM Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall

- or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 30 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3

Slide 31 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Transpiration is part of the a.water cycle. b.carbon cycle. c.nitrogen cycle. d.phosphorus cycle.

Slide 32 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Carbon is found in the atmosphere in the form of a.carbohydrates. b.carbon dioxide. c.calcium carbonate. d.ammonia.

Slide 33 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 Biologists describe nutrients as moving through cycles because the substances a.start as simple organic forms that plants need. b.provide “building blocks” and energy that organisms need. c.are passed between organisms and the environment and then back to organisms. d.are needed by organisms to carry out life processes.

Slide 34 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 The only organisms that can convert nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form useful to living things are nitrogen-fixing a.plants. b.bacteria. c.detritivores. d.animals.

Slide 35 of 33 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 3–3 When an aquatic ecosystem receives a large input of a limiting nutrient, the result is a.runoff. b.algal death. c.algal bloom. d.less primary productivity.

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