Submitted by 1.Kishan panchal Sathwara Maharshi Dhrumil mistri Moradiya Disav HASMUKH GOSWAMI COLLEGE Of ENGINEERING ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING ( )

INTRODUCTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2

Environment: the total of our surroundings All the things around us with which we interact: Living things Animals, plants, forests, fungi, etc. Non-living things Continents, oceans, clouds, soil, rocks Our built environment Buildings, human-created living centers Social relationships and institutions

I. Scope of ecology A. Interactions between organisms and their environment 1. Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment. a. Interactions determine distribution and abundance of organisms. b. Two main themes in ecology are: - Where do organisms live? & Why? - How many organisms are present? & Why?

c. Ecology was historically an observational science, often descriptive  natural history. d. An organism’s environment has both abiotic and biotic components. - Abiotic components are nonliving chemical and physical factors such as temperature, light, water, and nutrients. - Biotic components are living factors such as other organisms.

Classes of Microorganisms 6

Non-pathogenic normal do not produce disease beneficial Pathogenic cause infection and disease May be non-pathogenic in one body system, pathogenic in another (E. coli) 7

Classes of Microorganisms Aerobic requires oxygen to live Anaerobic does not require oxygen to live 8

Classes of Microorganisms 6 classes of microorganisms Bacteria Protozoa Fungi Rickettsiae Viruses Helminths 9

Classes of Microorganisms Bacteria Often considered the causes of disease Certain bacteria produce antibiotics live in the body without problems live on the roots of certain plants, converting nitrogen into a usable form help break down dead organic matter Classified by shape and arrangement Treated with antibiotics 10

Classes of Microorganisms Bacteria Cocci- round in shape diplococci streptococci staphylococci 11 Streptococci Staphylococcal clusters

Classes of Microorganisms Bacteria Bacilli rod shape single pairs chains may have flagella may form spores difficult to treat 12

Classes of Microorganisms Bacteria Spirilla spiral or corkscrew shape vibrio - spirochete 13 Treponema pallidum Cholera

Classes of Microorganisms Bacteria Some bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics Very difficult to cure Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRSA) Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus (MDSA) 14

Classes of Microorganisms Protozoa One celled, animal-like organism Contain a nucleus and other defined organelles 15

Classes of Microorganisms Fungi organisms that usually enjoy a symbiotic, but sometimes parasitic relationship with their host provide numerous drugs and foods provide bubbles in bread, champagne, and beer cause a number of plant and animal diseases fungal diseases are very difficult to treat 16

Classes of Microorganisms Fungi 17

Classes of Microorganisms Rickettsiae rod-shaped, parasitic bacteria live in the tissues of ticks, fleas, and lice transmitted to humans through bites invade the new host from within 18

Classes of Microorganisms Viruses small, infectious agent requires a host for survival over 5,000 types can combine in multiple ways to produce a wide range of diseases produce immune response in humans treated with antiviral drugs 19

Classes of Microorganisms Helminths Parasitic worm-like organisms Live inside the host Feed off their host Disrupt nutrient absorption Lead to weakness Excrete toxins making host susceptible to other diseases Approximately 30 billion people globally are infected 20

THANK YOU 21