Biology “The study of life and living things” Biography Biodegradable Biohazard Biodome Biochemical

Biology affects your life! You eat! (Nutrition) You feel sick sometimes. (Medicine) You may have traits similar to your biological parents (Genetics) You may take care of a pet (Veterinary) You may/ may not recycle (Natural Resources) You bathe and take care of your skin/hair (Dermatology) You may have broken a bone or sprained a muscle before (Anatomy/Physiology) You have seen mold grow on food at your house (Microbiology)

Organization of a Living Thing Atom – Molecule – Macromolecule – Organelle – Cell – Tissue – Organ – Organ System – Organism

The Scientific Method Make observations –Often times are related to a previous study Ask questions –The questions relate to the observation Develop a testable hypothesis –Hypothesis = tentative explanation Make a prediction –Prediction = what will occur if hypothesis is TRUE –Must be in the form of a “If….then…” statement Test the hypothesis –Results of test may or may not SUPPORT the hypothesis. –Never use the word “prove”.

The Scientific Method In any experiment, you are testing a “variable”. Two tests are run in an experiment: the Control Test (Group) and the Experimental Test (Group) –Control Group - The group that experiences “normal” conditions. –Experimental Group – The group in which the variable is tested.

The Scientific Method In a given experiment, there is an INDEPENDENT variable and a DEPENDENT variable. –INDEPENDENT variable – can be controlled or manipulated by the experimenter. –DEPENDENT variable – what the experimenter is measuring.

The Scientific Method Two ways to use the word “THEORY”. –Non-scientific way vs. Scientific way Non-scientific way: Theory means something you are unsure of. –“I have a theory that Johnny and Susie are going to Homecoming together” Scientific way: Theory means an explanation that is highly supported by scientific research. –“The Atomic Theory states that all matter is made of atoms.”

The Scientific Method Communication is Key! –There are hundreds of thousands of scientific experiments going on in the world today. –Scientists can publish their research in scientific journals so that other scientists can keep up-to-date or use the findings to start their own hypotheses.

Classification of Organisms Domains –Bacteria – includes most of the bacteria that you would know about –Archaea – includes some bacteria that live in extreme conditions; considered older than the ones in Domain Bacteria –Eukarya – includes everything else (fungus, protist, animals, plants)

Classification of Organisms Kingdoms –Kingdom Bacteria –Kingdom Protista –Kingdom Fungi –Kingdom Planta –Kingdom Animalia

Seven Characteristics of Life Organization Homeostasis/Regulation Growth & Development Metabolism/Energy Utilization Response to Stimulus Reproduction Evolution

Seven Characteristics of a Living Thing A living thing must have some kind of organization and cells Animal Cell Plant Cell

Unicellular vs. Multicellular “Uni” = one –amoeba, Paramecium, bacteria “Multi” = many –Humans, plants, fungus

Name some organs! Heart Skin Brain Lungs Kidneys Liver Spleen Pancreas Leaf Stem Root Flower

Name some tissues! Bone Connective Cartilage Blood Fat (adipose)

Name some organelles!

Name some biological molecules! DNA RNA Cholesterol Testosterone Estrogen Adrenaline

Organized, Nonliving Things Crystals Rocks Fingernails Fabrics

Seven Characteristics of a Living Thing A living thing must be able to respond to a stimulus

Four ways in which an organism can respond to a stimulus Pupils dilating and contracting in response to light. When you touch something hot, you pull your hand away. Knee-jerk reaction at doctor’s office. You stomach “growls” near lunchtime.

A nonliving thing that can respond to a stimulus

Seven Characteristics of a Living Thing A living thing must have HOMEOSTASIS –The ability to keep stable conditions on the inside while the outside is changing What does your body do in the summer to stay cool? What does your body do in the winter to stay warm?

Seven Characteristics of a Living Thing All living things have metabolism –Using energy to power all of the life processes Growing Repairing Moving Catabolism = Breaking Down Energy Anabolism = Building Energy Anabolism + Catabolism = Metabolism Plants use energy to make sugar Humans use sugar to make energy

Seven Characteristics of a Living Thing All living things grow and develop –What is the difference between the two words? –Grow = get bigger in size Unicellular organisms grow –Develop = mature into an adult Multicellular organisms grow AND develop

Seven Characteristics of a Living Thing All living things have the ability to reproduce –Organisms transmit genetic information on to their offspring Asexual Sexual

Seven Characteristics of a Living Thing Populations of living things evolve or change through time

Seven Characteristics of Life “Natural Selection leads to the evolution of a population of organisms. What does this mean? –In a way, “Nature” will select which individuals will survive and which individuals will die in a population. The ones that survive will pass their genes on to offspring. The ones that die will not. The population will then be made up of more individuals with “survivor” traits.