Topics Reviewed in this Unit Evolutionary Theory and Hominid Species Stone Age Divisions and the Beginnings of Civilization

1. The Universe is about 14 Billion years old (1000 million makes a billion) 2. The Earth is about 4.5 Billion years old 3. Humanity is theorized to be about 5 million years old 4. Modern man is theorized to be 10,000 years old

1. Evolutionary Theory Spans from 5 million B.C. to the Modern Era 2. According to evolution, hominid (human-like) species evolve overtime into modern man. 3. The theory states that as the jaw grows smaller the brain gets bigger… Allowing for more complex thought and invention.

1. Nicknamed the A- man (because of looking very ape-like) 2. Territory: Eastern Africa 3. First Creature to be Bi- pedal (walk on two feet) 4. Huge Jaws with small brains 5. Categorized as scavengers for food.

1. Nickname: Handy Man (first to use tools) 2. Used primitive tools a. Didn’t make tools used stones sticks and bones found in their natural state. 3. Territory: North Africa and the Middle East 4. Categorized as hunter-gatherers… first to hunt for food

1. Nickname: Peking Man (oldest remains found outside of Peking China) 2. Larger Brain and Smaller Teeth and Jaw. a. Spine designed to walk upright b. Controlled Fire c. Lived in caves d. Used traps and pitfalls for hunting e. Ate vegetables 3. Territory: Greatest Traveller Remains found from Europe to China 4. Categorized as a hunter gatherer…. Tools were more complex then those of a Homo Habilis

1. Nickname: Neanderthal a. Given in honor of Neander River Valley in Germany 2. Territory: Mostly Europe but into Asia 3. Neanderthals were hunter gatherers 4. This is the hominid species where science and religion split on their views of the world. “Eve Theory”

1. Nickname: Cro-Magnon or Modern Man 2. Territory: Throughout the globe 3. The change between Cro-Magnon and Neanderthal was not that dramatic. 4. Language Developed a. Shown in Art and Pictures b. Beginning of ‘history’ (man begins to write) 5. People domesticate plants and animals a. Farmers and Herders 6. Religion Develops: People begin to bury their dead

Skills To Learn: Advances and Differences that lead to the advancement through the stone ages

A. Paleolithic or Old Stone Age ① Is the longest period ② Began when people first used stone as tools (2.5 million years ago in Northern Africa) ③ Ended when adaptations were made to the tools (at the end of the ice age in Northern Africa 13,000 B.C.) B. Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age ① Began when adaptations were needed to hunting tools. ② This occurred when the Ice Age brought a better climate and more food. However animals could move around easier. This made it harder to hunt them. ③ Religion and human social class systems begin. ④ Humans start to farm and herd. C. Neolithic or New Stone Age ① Stone tools became highly polished and very complex ② Copper began to be used in tools ③ Copper will eventually replace the stone completely and thus end the Stone Age BEGINS THE COPPER AGE!!!!

Looking back at civilization requirements and characteristics. How will the development of tools and hunting weapons lead to the beginnings of civilization?