Age of Reason The Enlightenment WH.H , 7.1-6

Scientific Revolution & Experimentation Prior beliefs based on superstitions Reliance on Greek and Roman explanations Begin to use experimentation Develop the Scientific Method Mathematics to prove theories – Development of calculus Major discoveries in Astronomy, Physics and Anatomy New instruments designed Barometer Telescope Microscope Thermometer

Galileo Italian astronomer who used a telescope to: see items never seen before in space The Milky Way is made of stars Published findings 1610 Great Controversy with the Church Heresy Trials – Galileo forced to recant his findings Worked on the idea of gravity and the speed of gravity at which objects fall to earth Deducted that all objects fall at the same speed without air friction Experiments at Pisa

Copernicus Field of Astronomy Challenged the Geo-Centric Model of Aristotle and Ptolemy Proposed: System of fixed spheres or orbits around the Earth Heaven on one end, Earth on the other Proposed a Sun-Centered system in 1543 Few believed his theory

Sir Isaac Newton Developed a system of explanations for the workings of the universe Laws of universal gravitation Laws of motion Everything governed by certain mathematical principles Universe is viewed as a large machine, operating according to certain rules

Johannes Kepler Proved the theory of Copernicus Developed the Three Laws of Planetary Motion 1) All planets move in ellipses, with the Sun at one focus. 2) Planets sweep out equal areas in equal times. ) The square of the orbital period P (in years) equals the cube of the mean distance to the Sun a (in astronomical units), or P2 = a3.

Anatomy Andreas Vesalius, 1543 Doubted the accuracy of Galen’s works of anatomy from ancient times Published several volumes filled with descriptions and illustrations of the body systems Published the text in 1543 On the Workings of the Human Body William Harvey, 1628 Studied the circulatory system and the importance of the heart

Biology Antoni Leeuwenhoek Discovered bacteria using a microscope Robert Hooke Used the microscope to describe the cells of plants Created the term cell

Chemistry Robert Boyle-Father of Modern Chemistry First to define an element Boyle’s Law – how temperature, volume and pressure affects gases Antoine-Laurent Lavoisiener Developed methods for precise measurements Periodic Table

Astronomy Galileo: First working Telescope Copernicus: Heliocentric Theory Brahe: Supernovas and Planetary Movement Kepler: Planet orbits are elliptical; Mathematical model of the solar system

Rene Descartes The Father of Modern Philosophy All assumptions should be questioned: Deductive Method 1637: Discourse on Method Only certain things are true without facts to prove them “I think therefore I am” Use of reason – rationalism Father of analytical geometry

Francis Bacon Father of the Scientific Revolution Careful observations leads to scientists successful theories Lots of experimentation The Inductive Method: Specific observations to general assumptions Emphasis on practical, useful knowledge New attitude toward nature

Science and the Church Laws discovered by human reason “De-Spiritualized” and de-mystified the Universe Mechanical View of the Universe Came into direct conflict with the teachings of the Church

Science and Art Study of science not separated from the study of art and architecture Experimentation with the chemistry of paints and lighting Use of mathematics and physics in architecture and engineering

Effects of the Scientific Revolution Rise of the “Scientific Community” --Royal Society of London (1662) --Academy of Royal Sciences (1666) The modern scientific method A universe ordered according to natural laws