SOCIOLOGY CHAPTER 7 CONTROL AND DEVIANCE

SECTION 1

INTERNALIZATION When a norm is part of a person’s personality. Conditions the individual to conform to society Follow societies norms and expect others to follow them also.

SANCTIONS A way to motivate people to internalize society’s norms Reward or Punishment to enforce conformity

NEGATIVE SANCTION Punishment or threat of punishment used to enforce conformity

POSITIVE SANCTIONS Rewards for a behavior

FORMAL SANCTION PUNISHMENT OR REWARD GIVEN BY A FORMAL ORGANIZATION OR REGULATORY AGENCY FINES, LOW GRADES, PRISON DIPLOMA, MEDALS , ETC

INFORMAL SANCTION SPONTANEOUS EXPRESSION OF APPROVAL OR DISAPPROVAL

SOCIAL CONTROL ENFORCING NORMS THROUGH INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL MEANS LEARNED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION PROCESS

SECTION 2

DEVIANCE/DEVIANT BEHAVIOR THAT VIOLATES SIGNIFICANT SOCIAL NORMS

LABELING DEVIANCE TWO PARTS INDIVIDUAL HAS TO BE DETECTED COMMITTING A DEVIANT ACT INDIVIDUAL MUST BE STIGMATIZED BY SOCIETY

STIGMA FORM OF SOCIAL CONTROL SPOILED SOCIAL IDENTITY MARK OF SOCIAL DISGRACE THAT SETS A DEVIANT APART FROM THE REST OF SOCIETY.

CRIMINOLOGIST SOCIAL SCIENTIST WHO STUDY CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

EMILE DURKHEIM “THE RULES OF SOCIOLOGICAL METHOD” DEVIANCE HAS SOME POSITIVE SOCIAL USES CLARIFIES NORMS UNIFIES GROUPS DIFUSES TENSION PROMOTES SOCIAL CHANGE CAN ALSO PROVIDE LAW ENFORCEMENT (NON DURKHEIM)

ANOMIE HAPPENS WHEN THE NORMS OF SOCIETY AREN’T CLEAR OR ARE NO LONGER APPLICABLE PEOPLE DON’T HAVE SUFFICIENT GUIDELINES FOR BEHAVIOR CAUSES CONFUSION FOR INDIVIDUALS AND SOCIETY.

FUNCTIONALIST THEORY NATURAL PART OF SOCIETY POSITIVE FUNCTION

MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY PART OF FUNCTIONALIST THEORY DEVIANCE IS A NATURAL OUTGROWTH OF VALUES, NORMS, AND STRUCTURE OF SOCIETY THE STRAIN OF THE GOALS SET BY SOCIETY CAN’T BE ACHIEVED AND THIS CAUSES DEVIANCE. EXAMPLE P. 164

MERTON’S STRAIN THEORY CONT. 5 WAYS INDIVIDUALS RESPOND TO ACHIEVE THE GOALS OF SOCIETY CULTURALLY APPROVED GOALS LEGITIMATE MEANS OF ACHIEVING THESE GOALS MODES OF ADAPTATION

1. CONFORMITY ACCEPT CULTURES GOALS AND FOLLOW NORMS MOST COMMON RESPONSE PEOPLE ACCEPT THE GOALS AND THE WAYS TO ACHIEVE THEM DOESN’T MATTER IF THERE IS SUCCESS OR FAILURE THE MEANS IS LEGITIMATE DOES NOT EMPLOY DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

THE NEXT 4 MODES OF ADAPTAION IN MERTON’S THEORY EMPLOY DEVIANT BEHAVIOR

2. INNOVATION ACCEPT CULTURES GOALS DON’T FOLLOW CULTURE’S NORMS EXAMPLE P. 164

3. RITUALISM THE RITUAL IS TO UPHOLD THE NORMS BUT NOT THE GOAL EXAMPLE P. 164

4. RETREATISM REJECT GOALS AND NORMS DROP OUT OF SOCIETY EXAMPLE P. 164

5. REBELLION TRY TO REPLACE GOALS AND NORMS USE VIOLENT AND NONVIOLENT MEANS TO ACHIEVE ALTERNATE GOALS

RITUALISTS NOT SEEN AS THREAT TO SOCIETY INNOVATORS, RETREATISTS AND REBELS SEEN AS THREAT TO SOCIETY

CONFLICT PERSPECTIVE THERE IS DEVIANCE BECAUSE OF THE COMPETITION AND INEQUITY SOCIAL LIFE IS A STRUGGLE BETWEEN THOSE WITH POWERS AND THOSE WHO DO NOT HAVE POWER PEOPLE COMMIT DEVIANT ACTS TO KEEP POWER AND GET POWER THE RULING CLASS LABELS ANY BEHAVIOR THAT THREATENS THEIR POWER BASE AS DEVIANT

INTERACTIONIST PERSPECTIVE INTERACTION BETWEEN INDIVIDUALS INFLUENCES DEVIANCE THREE THEORIES CONTROL THEORY CULTURAL TRANSMISSION THEORY LABELING THEORY

CONTROL THEORY SIMILAR TO STRAIN THEORY IN IT IS NATURAL BUT…. CONTROL THEORISTS ARE MORE INTERESTED IN WHY PEOPLE CONFORM RATHER THAN WHAT CAUSES DEVIANCE

SOCIAL TIES INFLUENCE CONFORMITY THOSE MORE INVOLVED IN COMMUNITY MORE LIKELY TO CONFORM

TRAVIS HIRSCHI CONTROL THEORIST DEVELOPING A STRONG SOCIAL BOND LEADS TO LOWER RATES OF DEVIANCE BOND IN 4 WAYS 1. ATTACHMENT WITH THOSE WHO ACCEPT THE NORMS OF SOCIETY (PARENTS, TEACHER, FRIENDS) 2. STRONG BELIFE IN SOCIETY’S MORAL CODES 3. SHOW COMMITMENT TO TRADITIONAL GOALS AND VALUES 4. INVOLVED IN NODEVIANT ACTIVITIES

CULTURAL TRANSMISSION THEORY SOCIALIZATION IS KEY DEVIANCE IS A LEARNED BEHAVIOR THROUGH INTERACTION WITH OTHERS DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION: SUTHERLAND: THE FREQUENCY AND CLOSENESS OF ASSOCIATIONS A PERSON HAS WITH DEVIANT AND NODEVIANT INDIVIDUALS

SYKES AND MATZA DIFFERENTAIL ASSOCIATION SOME PEOPLE SHOW A STRONG COMMITMENT TO SOCIETY’S NORMS BUT STILL ENGAGE IN DEVIANCE TECHNIQUE OF NEUTRALIZATION: SUSPENSION OF MORAL BELIEFS AND RESPONSIBILITIES TO COMMIT DEVIANT ACTS

LABELLING THEORY FOCUS ON HOW INDIVIDUALS COME TO BE IDENTIFIED AS DEVIANT NOTES THAT ALL PEOPLE COMMIT DEVIANT ACTS DURING THEIR LIVES TWO TYPES OF DEVIANCE: PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

PRIMARY DEVIANCE PRIMARY: OCCASIONAL VIOLATION OF NORMS GOES UNDETECTED BY THOSE IN AUTHORITY NOT CONSIDERED DEVIANT BY THE INDIVIDUAL WHO COMMITS THE ACT

SECONDARY DEVIANCE DEVIANCE IS A LIFESTYLE AND RESULTS IN THE DEVIANT LABEL.

SECTION 3

CRIME ANY ACT LABELED BY AUTHORITIES AND PROHIBITED BY LAW P. 171 FOR CLASSIFICATION

5 CATEGORIES OF CRIME IN U. S. VIOLENT CRIMES PROPERTY CRIMES VICTIMLESS CRIMES WHITE-COLLAR CRIMES ORGANIZED CRIME

VIOLENT CRIMES A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF ALL CRIMES COMMITTED ARE VIOLENT CRIMES AGAINST THE PERSON MURDER, HOMICIDE, RAPE, ROBBERY, AGGRAVATED ASSAULT, ETC.

PROPERTY CRIMES STEALING OR DAMAGING PROPERTY BURGLARY, LARCENY (THEFT NOT AUTO), ARSON, AUTO THEFT

VICTIMLESS CRIME THE PERSON COMMITTING THE CRIME IS THE ONE HARMED ILLEGAL GAMBLING, ILLEGAL DRUG USE, PROSTITUION, VAGRANCY

WHITE-COLLAR CRIME MISREPRESENTATION, FRAUD, EMBEZZLEMENT, PRICE-FIXING, INSIDER TRADING, ECT.

ORGANIZED CRIME CRIME SYNDICATE: LARGE-SCALE ORGANIZATION THAT CONTROLS SOME VICE OR BUSINESS THROUGH VIOLENCE OR THE THREAT OF VIOLENCE VICE: OFFENSES INVOLVING IMMORALITY DRUG TRAFFICKING, ILLEGAL GAMBLING, UNFAIR LABOR PRACTICES, ETC.

CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM POLICE COURTS CORRECTIONS

JUVENILE-JUSTICE SYSTEM MOST STATES HAVE A SYSTEM FOR PEOPLE UNDER THE AGE OF 18 USUALLY PROVIDES MORE SERVICES THAN THE ADULT SYSTEM

POLICE MOST IMMEDIATE CONTROL OVER WHO IS ARRESTED POLICE DISCRETION: USE THEIR OWN JUDGEMENT IN DECIDING WHETHER OR NOT TO ARREST BECAUSE U.S POPULATION, NUMBER OF CRIMINAL OFFENCES, AND THE NUMBER OF FULL-TIME OFFICERS

POLICE DISCRETION IN DECIDING TO ARREST THE POLICE CONSIDER THE SERIOUSNESS OF THE CRIME WISHES OF THE VICTIM WHETHER OR NOT BYSTANDERS ARE PRESENT THE ATTITUDE OF THE SUSPECT

RACIAL PROFILING THE PRACTICE THAT ASSUMES THAT NONWHITE AMERICANS ARE MORE LIKELY TO COMMIT CRIMES THAN WHITE AMERICANS

COURTS AFTER THE ARREST THE ACCUSED BECOMES THE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE COURTS COURT HOLDS A TRIAL TO DETERMINE GUILT THE COURT ASSIGNS PUNISHMENT IF GUILTY

PLEA BARGAINING LEGAL NEGOTIATION THAT ALLOWS A PERSON TO PLEAD GUILTY TO A LESSER CHARGE IN RETURN FOR A LIGHTER SENTENCE 90% OF CASES SETTLED

CORRECTIONS SANCTIONS USED TO PUNISH CRIMINALS IMPRISONMENT, PAROLE, PROBATION, COMMUNITY SERVICE

FUNCTIONS OF SANCTIONS RETRIBUTION: REVENGE FOR THE VICTIM AND SOCIETY DETERRENCE: DISCOURAGE OFFENDERS FROM COMMITTING FUTURE CRIMES AND TO MAKE THE REST OF SOCIETY THINK TWICE BEFORE BREAKING THE LAW REHABILITATION: REFORM CRIMINALS INTO LAW-ABIDING CITIZENS SOCIAL PROTECTION: SOCIETY PROTECTS ITSELF FROM ADDITIONAL CRIMES

RECIDIVISM REPEATED CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR